Bulletin No. 16. s. 25. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION OF SOILS. 




CATALOGUE 



OF THK 



FIRST FOUR THOUSAND SAMPLES IN THE SOIL 
COLLECTION OF THE DIVISION OF SOILS. 



MILTON ^VHITNEY, 

CHI El- OK DIN'ISION OK SOILS 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OKKK^E. 
1899. 



tiM»!5^'^ 




BooK-J/IZl 



3 



Bulletin No. 16. S. 25. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION OF SOILS. 






CATALOGUE 



OF THE 



FIRST FOUR THOUSAND SAMPLES IN THE SOIL 
COLLECTION OF THE DIVISION OF SOILS. 



BY 



MILTON WHITNEY, 

CHIEK OK DIVISION OF SOIL«, 




WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFITK. 
1899. 



v^ 






,ETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Division of Soils, 
Washington, D. C, October 33, 1899. 
Sir: For reasous set forth in the body of this report it seems* advis- 
able to publish a catalogue of the soil collection of the Division of Soils 
for the information of those who are interested in soil investigations. 

The soil collection is under the immediate care of Miss Janette Steu- 
art, of the Division of Soils, who has prepared the statistical part of 
this bulletin under my general supervision. 

I recommend that this catalogue be published as Bulletin No. 10 of 
this Division. 

Eespectfully, Milton Whitney, 

Chief of Division. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 

3 



CONTENTS, 



Page. 

Introduction 11 

Object of publishing the catalogue 12 

How the samples are collected 13 

Agencies through which the present collection has been obtained 15 

How the samples are stored 15 

Card catalogue 16 

Classification of the soils 17 

Arrangement of the catalogue 20 

Classification of samples under States and countries from which they have 

been obtained 21 

Alabama - 21 

Alaska 24 

Argentina 24 

•Arizona 25 

Arkansas 25 

Bermuda 25 

California 25 

China : 29 

Colorado 29 

Connecticut 30 

Cuba 31 

Delaware 31 

District of Columbia 32 

England 32 

Florida 32 

Georgia 34 

Germany 34 

Hawaiian Islands 35 

Idaho 35 

Illinois 35 

Indiana 36 

Iowa 37 

Kansas 37 

Kentucky - 39 

Louisiana 41 

Maryland 42 

Massachusetts 49 

Mexico 50 

Michigan 50 

Minnesota 51 

Mississippi 51 

Missouri 52 

Montana 52 

Nebraska 52 

5 



6 CONTENTS. 

Classification of samples under States and countries, etc. — Continued. Page. 

Nevada 54 

New Hampshire 54 

New Jersey 54 

New Mexico - . 55 

New York 55 

North Carolina 56 

North Dakota 57 

Ohio 58 

Oklahoma , 59 

Oregon 59 

Pennsylvania 59 

Ehode Island 60 

Russia 61 

South Carolina 61 

South Dakota 63 

Sumatra 63 

Tennessee 63 

Texas > 65 

Utah 66 

Vermont 66 

Virginia 66 

Washington 68 

West Virginia 68 

Wisconsin • 69 

List of publications containing references to the mechanical or chemical analy- 
ses of Btimples in this collection 69 

List of the soil samplt-s arranged serially 70 

List and description of formations represented in the collection 86 

Acadia clay 86 

Adobe 86 

Alkali soil 88 

Alluvium 89 

Badlands 90 

Barrens 90 

Basalt 91 

Bench land 91 

Bi'uton limestone 92 

Black waxy 92 

Blue-stem soil 92 

Bluff laud - 92 

Bowlder clay 93 

Buckshot land 93 

Cambrian sandstone and shale 93 

Carboniferous 93 

Catoctin granite and schist 94 

Catskill i 94 

Chemung shales 94 

Chernozem 94 

Chesapeake 94 

Clays — pottery, brick, tile 95 

Clay slate 96 

Clinton-Niagara 96 

Coal-measures 96 

Colorado group — Cretaceous - 96 

Columbia, Lower 97 



CONTENTS. 7 

List and description of formations represented in tlie collection — Continued. Page. 

Coral sand _ 97 

Corn land 98 

Cotton land 98 

Cranberry bogs 98 

Crayfish land 99 

Cretaceous 99 

Dakota group — Cretaceous 100 

"Dead land" 100 

Devonian black slate 100 

Diabase 100 

Diatomaceous earth 101 

Dismal Swamp land 101 

Drift 101 

Eocene 102 

Etonia scrub 102 

Flatwoods - 103 

Fox Hill sandstone 104 

Fresno Plains 104 

Fuller's earth 104 

Gabbro 105 

Galena limestone 105 

Glades ^ 105 

Glass sand 105 

Gneiss and granite 105 

Granite 106 

Grass land 106 

Greenhouse soil 106 

Gumbo ., 107 

Gunpowder lime land 107 

Gypsum soil 107 

Hamilton-Cliemung shales 108 

Hammock 108 

Hardpan 109 

Helderberg limestone 110 

High pine land - 110 

Hogwallow Ill 

Hudson River limestone 112 

Hudson River (Martinsburg) shales 112 

Jamestown Valley soil 113 

Kaolin 113 

Kaolinite 114 

Keokuk 114 

Knox sandstone 114 

Knox shales 114 

Lacustrine 115 

Lafayette 115 

Lake Erie bottom : 115 

Lenore limestone 116 

Limestone 116 

Live-oak land 118 

Loess 119 

Long-leaf pine flats 121 

Long-leaf pine hills 121 

Lower pine belt 122 

Magnesia soil 122 



8 CONTENTS. 

List and description of formations represented in tlio collection— Continued. Page. 

Marls 122 

Manch Chunk 123 

Medina .saudstono 123 

Mesa soil 123 

Miocene 123 

Mixed laud 124 

Mojave Desert soil 124 

Molding saud 125 

Nashville limestone 125 

Orange sand 125 

Oriskany sandstone 125 

Permian 126 

Phillite 126 

Pierre shales 126 

Pineapple land 126 

Pine barrens 127 

Pipe clay 127 

Plains marl 128 

Pleistocene 128 

Pocono sandstone 128 

Pocoson region 128 

Pontotoc Ridge 128 

Post-Tertiary 129 

Potomac 129 

Pottsville 129 

Potsdam sandstone 129 

Prairie 130 

Provision laud 130 

Quartzite 131 

Quicksand 131 

Qnehec dolomite 132 

Red chaparral 132 

Red land 133 

Red River Valley 133 

Rice land ., 133 

Salina sandstone 134 

Salt-grass land 134 

Sand Hills 134 

Sandstoue 135 

Sea Island cotton soil 135 

Sedentary soil 136 

Serpentine 136 

Shales 136 

Short-leaf pine uplaiuls 136 

Silt from irrigation ditches 136 

Silurian, Upper 137 

Snow dust : 137 

Spruce ]»ine scrub 137 

St. Louis limestone 138 

Subcarbouiferous 138 

Sugar-cane land 138 

Talc 138 

Tertiary 139 

Tobacco land 139 

' Transition-gray waeke 140 



CONTENTS. 9 

List and description of formations represented in the collection — Continued. Page. 

Trap 141 

Trenton and Hudson River limestone 141 

Triassic red sandstone ^ 141 

Truck land 142 

Tulare Plains 142 

Unclassified 142 

Upper coal measures 143 

Upper pine belt 143 

Valley land 143 

Vineyard soil 144 

Volcanic asli 144 

Waverly sandstone 144 

Wheat land 144 

White-oak land 145 

Wind-blown dust 145 

Wire-grass soil 145 



CATALOGUE OF THE FIRST FOUR THOUSAND SAMPLES IN THE SOIL 
COLLECTION OF THE DIVISION OF SOILS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

During the past ten years a line of soil investigations has been car- 
ried on under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture, with 
particular reference to the physical properties of soils and their relation 
to crop production. 

The soil collection was started in South Carolina while the writer 
was vice-director of the experiment station of that State, but a system- 
atic line of investigation and of collection of soil samples was under- 
taken in connection with the Maryland Experiment Station and with 
the Johns Hopkins University in 1891. 

As special agent of the Department of Agriculture in tbe Weather 
Bureau, the writer made an extensive study of the soil formations of 
Maryland and determined the relation of these soils to crops. This 
was an especially fine field for such work on account of the very 
large number of geological formations in the State, ranging from some 
of the oldest crystalline rocks through the whole geological sequence 
to the most recent river deposits. As a feature of this work a large 
number of soil samples was collected from Maryland and the results of 
the investigations were published in Bulletin No. 1 of the Weather 
Bureau, entitled The Physical Properties of Soils in their Relation to 
Moisture and Crop Production. The edition of this bulletin was long 
since exhausted. 

In 1892 a very extensive soil collection was made from nearly all the 
States and Territories for exhibition at the Columbian Exposition iu 
Chicago. This collection was under the general supervision of Prof. 
E. W. Hilgard, and, through an arrangement with him and with the 
local State collectors, duplicate samples were obtained from many of 
the States of soils which were supposed to represent the most impor 
tant soil areas of the country. 

In 1891 the scope of the work was greatly enlarged by the establish- 
ment of a Division of Soils in the Weather Bureau. In July, 1895, this 
was 'made an independent division in the Department of Agriculture 
and the appropriation and scope of the work were still further enlarged 

and extended. 

11 



12 OBJECT OF PUBLISHING THE CATALOGUE. 

With these facilities most of tlie important agricultural districts of 
the country have been visited by some one connected with the Division 
of Soils and the principal soil formations have been examined in the 
held and representative samples taken for the collection. 

OBJECT OF PUBLISHING THE CATALOGUE. 

The object of publishing this soil catalogue is, first of all, to call 
attention to the large number of samples at present in the possession 
of the Division of Soils. This collection represents a very large 
number of the geological formations of the country and many of the 
important agricultural districts. It is hoped that this will be a nucleus 
for a much more extensive and comprehensive soil collection, to be 
brought together at the national capital, which, if well arranged and 
thoroughly classitied, with cross references as to the origin, physical 
properties, and agricultural values, will offer a valuable opportunity 
for soil investigations where dry samples of soil can be used. 

It is hoped that by i^ublishing this catalogue and showing what has 
already been accomplished in the matter of gathering together a col- 
lection of representative soil samples, individuals, organizations, and 
institutions may be induced to deposit collections as gifts or as loans, 
as in this way the facilities for soil investigations in Washington would 
be very largely increased. It is neither the purpose nor the desire of 
those in charge of the collection to increase the size by mere additional 
numbers of samples, but to have the collection contain truly repre- 
sentative samples which will illustrate all important phases of soil 
formations. 

These special features and special collections are already receiving 
some attention. It is proposed to gather representative samples of loess 
from all known regions where it occurs. A very extensive and thorough 
collection of the truck soils of the eastern United States has already 
been made. A large and comprehensive collection of samples of tobacco 
soils has been made from all of the important tobacco districts. A 
special collection of representative wheat soils from all of the impor- 
tant wheat districts of the world is being i)lanned. Other special col- 
lections of this kind are being considered which will show in more or 
less detail the physical or chemical peculiarities of characteristic soils 
which are of importan(;e in agriculture. 

One of the means of gathering samples of representative soils from 
foreign countries will i^robably be through the medium of exchange, 
and one of the objects of publishing this catalogue is the hope and 
expectation that such collections can be readily made through a system 
of exchange. It will be quite possible to furnish small samples of the 
representative soils of this country to institutions in exchange for 
special courtesies in furnishing representative samples from areas which 
are at present inaccessible to the agents of the Division of Soils, in 
order that the material at our disposal may be extended and made 



HOW THE SAMPLES ARE COLLECTED. 13 

more valuable. A number of institutions have already made use of 
tMs collection. Workers have been sent to Washington to become 
acquainted with the principal soil types, and in other cases representa- 
tive samples have been furnished agricultural colleges and experiment 
stations for instruction and investigation. 

In order to call attention still more forcibly to the importance and 
value of the soil collection and to extend this educational work, collec- 
tions of representative soils are being put up in small glass bottles, 
arranged in boxes with 22 compartments in each. These sets are to be 
distributed to the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, with 
explanatory text regarding the origin, the chemical and physical 
peculiarities, and the agricultural value of the samples, together with 
a statement of the physical and chemical analysis of each. 

HOW THE SAMPLES ARE COLLECTED. 

It was early recognized that in order to be of comparative value the 
samples must be collected in a very systematic manner and according 
to certain general methods. A description of the methods followed by 
this Division was published in Bulletin No. 4, but as the edition of this 
bulletin is about exhausted, and as it may not be readily accessible to 
those who are interested in the catalogue herewith presented and who 
may wish to take samples for exchange purposes, the general principles 
of the method are here given. ^ 

As a rule it is necessary that the soils selected for the collection of 
this Division should represent large areas of land of uniform composi- 
tion and of particular agricultural value. As, however, on account of 
the imperfections and limitations of our methods of investigation, all 
such work can have at present only comparative value, it is imi^ortant 
in selecting samples to select also samples which show departures from 
the normal conditions, noting in great detail the effect of these areas 
on crops. Such samples often throw the most iinj)ortant light upon 
principles which might otherwise escape attention in the examination 
of the normal type. Furthermore, it is quite necessary to make a very 
complete statement as to the general and local physiographic relations 
of the locality from which the sample is derived. 

Two soils may have precisely the same physical texture and chemical 
composition, and yet, from mere local peculiarities of drainage, expo- 
sure, or topographic features, the agricultural value of the soils may 
be very different. In many cases the conditions of environment may 
have a determining iutiuence upon the relation of the soil to proj)er 
crop production. All such features should therefore be fully set forth 
in describing the sample and the locality from which it is derived. 

In order that every sample may represent the area or a certain part 
of the area which it is desired to study or to illustrate, it must not be 
taken where there are modifications due to local conditions. 



14 HOW TH?: SAMPLES ARp: COLLFX'TP:!). 

TIm* following,' (Ic^scriptioii of metliods in taken lium r.iilletiu !No. 4 of 
this I )i vision : 

It in better, where possible, to take the samples from cultivated fields or fields 
wliich hiive been cultivated. The agricultural value of such land is known from the 
character of the crop it has jiroduceil, and this is a very important guide in the 
selection of typical soil samples. In the older agricultural regions of the Eastern 
United States, esjtecially in the most fertile soil areas, there is little or no virgin 
land and often little woodlanrl. Where the trees are allowed to grow, it fre<jnently 
happens that it is on some spot or area which has been abandoned for some local 
cause or which has never been brought under cultivation because of its small agri- 
cultural value. A sample taken in such uncultivaterl spots would not represent the 
typical soil area of the locality, whereas soil which has been under cultivation 
carries a record in its crop yield and in the character of the crop produced, which is 
an imjtortant guide in the classilication of the lands. 

The samples should be taken insiile a field, some distance away from houses, fences, 
roads, or trees. If plants are growing in the lield, the sample should be taken mid- 
way between two jilants. They should not be taken where the soil has been eroded 
nor where the soil has accumulated to an unusual depth by washing from above. It 
is doul)tles8 better to take the samples from land which has not been freshly manured 
or where fertilizers have not been ncently ajiplied, but if there is no such field 
available this need not prevent the taking of samples, for the purpose of the investi- 
gation is to study the conditions under which the plants are growing iu the field 
under ordiiiary operations of the farm. 

Having selected the spot in conformity with the above Instructions, there are two 
reiialiJe methods for collecting the samples — with a spade and with an auger. To 
collect the samples with a spade, remove all grass, leaves, or litter from the surface 
and dig a hole like a post hole 21 inches deep. Scrape the sides clean and notice the 
dej)tli at which the change of crdor occurs 1>etween the soil and the sul>soil. Take a 
sami)le of the soil abf>ve this by cutting olf a slice of soil '.i r)r 1 inches thick, down 
to the change of color, and mixing this thoroughly together. Fill a cloth sack with 
this well-mixed soil, tie it securely, and label it with such information as will serve 
to identify it when it is received in tlie laboratory. Then clean out the hole again 
and scrape the sides so as to get rid of every ]»article of the top soil, and take a 
sample of the subsoil in like manner by cutting down a slice of the subsoil and 
thoroughly mixing it together so that the samiile shall contain particles of the sub- 
soil from immediately below the top soil to a depth of at least 24 inches. Put this 
samjde of the subsoil into a separate sack, tie it securely, and label it. If there 
is no apparent dillerence between the soil and the subsoil, take a sample of the soil 
nevertheless to a depth of (i inches from the surfaf^e, and a sample of the subsoil from 
below this to a depth of 21 inches, an<l put them into si^parate sacks as above. If 
the character of the subsoil materially changes before the depth of 24 inches is 
reached, a separate sample of this changed material should be taken and the depth 
noted at which the chiyige occurs. 

To colli;ct sam]>le-M with an auger, take a common wood auger from H inches to 3 
inche.s in diameter anil have the handle lf;ngthened to 21 or 30 inches. Remove the 
litter and grass as Iiefore from the surface of the lield and bore into the soil, pulling up 
the auger and emptying the sample into a sack for every 8 or 1 inches in depth. Tin; 
depth of the top soil should be determined by a preliminary boring. Care must be 
taken to sej)arate the top soil from the subsoil and to keep them in separate sacks. 
H there is a marked difference iu the character of the subsoil within IX or 20 inches 
of the surface, a sej»arate sample should be taken of the second subsoil, thti depth of 
eai;h being cariifully noted. 

It is very important that the samples be taken, as far as practicable, to a uniform 
depth, to secure tli<! greatest comparative value in the work. The plan adopted by 
this Division is to take the s;inii)le of toj) soil to a dejtth of at least 1 or 6 inches, or 



HOW THE SAMPLES ARE STORED. 15 

to tlio cliange of color where this is apjiaretit witliin 9 or 12 inches of the surface. 
Th(3 su])soil is then sampled to a depth of at least 21 inches in the case of very stiff 
clays, and to a depth of 24 or ;}0 inches in the lij^hter soils. It occasionally happens 
from the nature of the snhsoil that the sani])les can not l)e taken to a depth of 24 or 
30 inches. In any case the ai^tnal depth represented by each sample should b*; stated — 
such as: "0 to 6 inches;'' "6 to 24 inches,"' — and a note made of the character of the 
samphi. 

Three sizes of sacks are used by this Division for the collection of soil samples. 
When the samples are taken with a spade, 8 to 10 pounds of material should be col- 
lected and put into a cloth sack, 14 by 8A inches, of heavy, unbleached muslin. For 
samples taken with the auger, a smaller sack can be used, as the sampling is usually 
more accurately done. Sacks 6 by 8^ inches are very convenient for this purpose. 
As the sample of the top soil is usually smaller than that of the subsoil, and as it is 
usually of relativcdy less importance, smaller sacks, 4 by 6 inches, may be conveniently 
used for the sample of top (surface) soil. This is likewise a very convenient size to 
take on an expedition when a large number of samples are to ))e taken and when the 
weight of material is an important consideration. These sacks have short pieces of 
string or tape sewed to them for convenience in tying, and they should each be 
numbered with a- stencil for convenience in referring to them in the Held notes. 

AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH THE PRESENT COLLECTION HAS BEEN 

OBTAINED. 

By fill" tlie largest part of the soil collection has been obtained by 
agents of the Department of Agriciiltnre who have i)ersonally visited 
the areas and taken representative samples. As already stated, a 
number of sauiples were obtained at the same time and from the same 
sources as the soil collection exhibited at Chicago. 

A number of soils from Alaltama and California, (collected for the 
Tenth Census, were obtained for the collection through Dr. E. A. Smith 
and Prof. E. W. Hilgard. A iew samples have been obtained from 
State geological surveys, and, lastly, a very few samples have been 
obtained from private individuals. 

It has been the invariable rule not to add sami)les to the collection 
unless the exact origin of the samples is known and some important 
reason is assigned which would make the samples of possible value in 
the future investigations of the Division. 

The agencies through which the various samples have been collected 
are plainly stated in all cases in this catalogue. 

now THE SAMPLES ARE STORED. 

The samples in the collection are stored in air-tight glass jars and 
put on shelves easily accessible in the basement of the building occu- 
pied by the Division of Soils. The fust 2,()()() samples are in half gallon 
glass preserve Jars, In many cases these are quite full, in other cases 
they contain only very small samples. With the introduction of the 
auger as a method of collecting soil samples, it was deemed unneces- 
sary to take so large a sample to represent the area; furthermore, with 
the widely extended work of the Division, the collection became very 
bulky, and it was found troublesome to handle such large samples, so 



16 CARD CATALOGUE. 

that the second 2,()(K) samples were stored in pint preserve jars. This 
gives an adequate sample for most i)urposes and makes it possible 
even to exchange small samples with other institutions. In many cases 
these ])int jars are (juite full, but in most cases the sample about half 
lills the jar. Of course most of the soil formations are represented by 
a number of samples, and in most cases a composite sample could be 
made uj) which would rei)resent the soil area even better, ])erhaps, than 
an individual sample would do. 

In addition to this collection in jars there is also a collection of larger 
samples of from 200 to 400 pounds each of some of the most important 
and most interesting soil formations, which are used for the study of 
their particular properties and to illustrate certain principles which it 
is desired to bring out. These large samples are contained in bins. 
Furthermore, the extensive correspondence of the Dei)artment and the 
connections which have been established with individuals and with 
local institutions in the course of the soil investigations, and the trips 
that have been made by members of the Division, make it possible to 
collect larger representative samples from almost any area which it is 
desired to study. 

The soils when received at the laboratory are immediately air dried 
and are stored in the jars in this condition without grinding or pulver- 
izing the lumps, except when it may be necessary to break the larger 
lumps in order to get the material into the jars. 

CARD CATALOGUE. 

The samples when received are immediately given a serial number in 
the catalogue. A system of cataloguing is used which makes it possi- 
ble to lind a sample very quickly if the number, locality, or any impor- 
tant part of tlie description of the sample is known. This is done 
through a series of cross references. There is a catalogue of small 
cards, in which the numbers are arranged serially in groups by hun- 
dreds. These cards contain merely the locality from which the sample 
is deriv^ed, the geological formation where this is known, the crop or 
other distinguishing agricultural feature, and the depth of the sami)le. 
The complete information in regard to the sample is then put upon a 
larger card, 4 by C inches, containing everything relating tothesample; 
including the locality from which it comes, the collector, the geological 
formation, the crops, and such other information as may be available. 
These cards are arranged first according to States, and under each 
State according to some characteristic feature, usually the geological 
formation or the type of crop. This makes it easy to find the samples 
from any particular State and any particular sample in the State, if 
the geological formation or the crop is known, as these are put at the 
top or at the side of the card in such a way as to quickly call attention 
to the character of the sam])le in turning over the cards. 

Samples of the top soil and of the subsoil are catalogued separately, 
are uiven separate numbers, and are treated in every way as sei)arate 



CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS. 17 

samples. This was found necessary at a very early time in the soil 
investigations. 

Approximately one-half of the samples represent top soils and the 
remaining half subsoils. The average deptli of the soils is about 6 
inches, and the subsoils usually extend from this depth to a depth of 
24 or 30 inches. If there is any marked difference in the subsoil two 
or more samples are taken. This is determined solely by an examina- 
tion in the field. 

It is usually considered that the subsoil gives the principal character 
to the physical properties of the land, and more of the subsoil samples 
have been examined than of the top-soil samples. A complete mechan- 
ical analysis has been made of nearly half the samples in the soil collec 
tion (1,756), and 700 of these have been published in various publi- 
cations. These facts are shown in the accompanying catalogue, and 
reference is made to the reports or papers where the analyses are pub- 
lished. They are scattered through about twenty-seven different pub 
lications. 

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS. 

It is impossible to work out with the dried specimens of a collection 
a system of classification which can be used in detailed field investiga- 
tions in connection with the mapping of soil areas. In arranging the 
samples the object has been to correlate them as far as possible with 
the geological formations, the physiographic regions, or the agricultural 
districts in order that they can be identified in subsequent investiga- 
tions. There are two comparatively well-defined and seemingly distinct 
lines in soil investigations. One has to do with the investigations of 
soils in the abstract in the laboratory and with laboratory methods. 
This includes the investigation of their petrographical origin and con- 
dition, their chemical composition, and certain physical properties. 
For such investigations these dried samples from a soil collection may 
answer very well, at least for the general and preliminary stages of the 
work, but where the more. important work begins, of mapping the soils 
in the field, these dried samples are of little value, except in establish- 
iug the types. I'he mapping of soils in the field with their local pecu- 
liarities and departures from the normal type and the different grades 
and subtypes, to bring out their comparative agricultural value, opens 
up ail entirely new field of work and requires a distinct system of classi- 
fication and of nomenclature. The system of classification, therefore, 
adapted to laboratory investigations and the arrangement of a soil col- 
lection can never be used without material modification for the advanced 
field investigations in the mapping of soils. It must be understood, 
therefore, that the terms used in the classification of the soils in the 
collection are not necessarily adapted to the classification of the soils 
in the field and to the areal mapping of the formations. 

An endeavor has been made to correlate the samples with the geo- 
logical formation from which the soil was derived. This has been 
8670— No. 16 2 



18 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS. 

done in most cases, but it lias not been possible in all. Further- 
more, the physiograi)hic peculiarities of a region, or the agricultural 
crops in some cases, are such important factors that, for the purpose of 
identityinj;- the sample, these have been used rather than the geological 
formation. lu some cases the geological formation might have been 
given also, but being relatively unimportant it has not been considered 
necessary to carry out the system of classification tlirougli all the rami- 
fications and cross references which this would have involved. The 
system of classification may appear at first sight, therefore, to be rather 
illogical, but a more careful consideration will make it appear evident 
that, for the purpose in view, the arrangement is probably the best 
that could be devised. 

It will be seen, on a careful consideration of the subject, that there 
are many principles to be observed in the arrangement and classifica- 
tion of the samples in a soil collection. The first ol' these in order of 
importance is undoubtedly the geological formation. In many cases 
this places the sample geograi)hically with much i>recision, and at the 
same time it may describe also the general character of the soil. A 
sample from the Cambrian shales of Maryland must come from one of 
two or three narrow belts crossing the western part of the State, and, 
to one who is familiar with the character of the rock of this locality and 
the way it disintegrates, it is at once apparent that the typical sample 
will contain a large amount of stone, foiniing wiiatis known agricultu- 
rally as a stony soil. A sample of the Trenton limestone from Maryland 
can come only from the Frederick or Hagerstown valleys, and a typical 
sample will contain a high per cent of clay, and represent a very fertile 
area. A sample of the same formation from Alabama, however, will be 
a very different soil, containing a large proi)ortion of chert, and will 
represent a very infertile area. This is due to the difi'erence in the 
character of the limestone rocks in these widely separated areas. A 
sampleof the ('olumbia formation in Maryland will come from the coastal 
l)lains. It is of unconsolidated material, and it may be either a 
coarse, sandy soil from the truck lands along the bay and ocean or a 
heavier clay soil a<lapted to wheat and corn, according to the relative 
elevation in the formation from which it was derived. Within this coastal 
region, however, there are similar light sandy soils adapted to truck, 
which are derived from the Cretaceous, Eocene, Chesapeake, and Lafay- 
ette, and these differ in no essential characteristic, so far as can be 
determined, from the truck soils of the Columbia. As the areas of these 
geological formations are not at present very well defined and are imper- 
fectly understood, and as the truck area is confined entirely to this class 
of soils, and forms an important and distinct agricultural district, these 
soils along the whole Atlantic coast line have been classed as "truck 
lands, mainly Columbia," with the other formations given in connection 
with the individual samples wherever it is known. 

The classification of the soils in Kansas will, perhaps, bring out more 
clearly than can be shown in any other way the objects which have 



CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS. 19 

been attained in the system of classification adopted for the collection. 
Most of the sami)les from Kansas are classed under the principal head 
of prairie. This brings out both a physiographic aud an agricultural 
relation which it is imj)ortant to recognize. Many theories have been 
advanced as- to the origin of the prairie, to explain why trees are nor 
found over such vast areas in our Southern and Western States. It has 
been held by many that it is on account of the physical peculiarities ol' 
the soil. It will be seen, however, that the soil collection contains a 
great variety of soil formations classed under the head of prairie. 
There are the Benton limestone, the Dakota sandstone, Columbia, loess, 
and plains marl — all forming strong agricultural soils of very diflereut 
texture. 

In Illinois we have samples of the loess from wooded areas, and sam- 
ples of the same formation, having apparently the same texture and 
physical properties and the same chemical composition, from prairie. 
These are important matters to consider in considering the origin and 
cause of the prairie soils. 

Under the head of " Prairie " in Kansas, the Benton limestone refers 
to a geological formation. The loess and plains marl represent soils of 
peculiar and marked physical texture. The alkali soils represent areas 
where the local accumulation of soluble salts is so great as to become 
a factor in crop production. The salt-grass lands and the blue stem 
soil represent areas where a persistent type of peculiar vegetation indi- 
cates either chemical or j)hysical characteristics which are unsuited for 
most of our agricultural crops. The gumbo 'soil represents a condition 
rather than a kind of soil. For the purposes for which a soil collection 
is used, the term gumbo is really all that is required in the classifica- 
tion, except for a special study of the origin aud cause of such condi- 
tions, and it is relatively unimportant whether the gumbo occurs in the 
Dakota sandstone or in any of the other formations. The term gumbo 
sets it forth with certain well-marked properties which are recognized, 
locally at any rate, as an important agricultural type of land. All of 
these types of soil are found in the prairie region of Kansas, and in the 
classification we have used the origin, chemical composition, texture, 
vegetation, or condition of the soil as distinctive terms to base the 
classification npon. 

The terms used in this collection are believed to very fully identify 
the samples, and where this can be done with a term which is not too 
local, it is not considered necessary to follow out all the relations and 
give the great number of cross references which would be required if all 
the systems which are used in part should be carried out and logically 
connected. It may easily happen, therefore, that anyone familiar with 
local formations may see relationships which are very apparent to him, 
but which are not considered necessary in this place, and which are, 
therefore, not included. This is brought out clearly in the alpliabetical 
list of soil formations represented in the collection. 

Many cross references have, however, been used, and in the alpha- 
betical list of formations the same sample may be classed under several 



20 ARRANGEMENT OF THE CATALOGUE. 

beads. This has been carried as far as is believed wise with the material 
at hand. 

The idea nt' special collections has been kept very clearly in mind 
from the first, as giving promise ol" great value in using the coliection. 
For this purpose the alphabetical arrangement of the formations will 
be found extremely valuable in showing localities from which saiiii)les 
of a particular ty]>e have been collected. The various limestone soils 
have all been brought into one group, with the States from which each 
of the various kinds of limestone soil has been obtained. All the local- 
ities from which the loess has been obtained are given. Special collec- 
tions have been made of soil from the truck areas and from the important 
tobacco districts, and these are grouped according to .the type of 
tobacco produced, the geological Ibrmations from which the soils have 
been derived, and the States from which samples liave been obtained. 
So far as possible, the corn, wheat, cotton, rice, and sugar-cane lands 
have also been brought into groups, and it is believed that such grou])- 
ing will give an added value to the collection, especially when the 
material has all been examined. 

It must not be understood that all of the samples designated as corn 
land or as wheat land are equally adapted to the production of these 
crops. They all come from areas in which these form important crops, 
but the samples in the group may represent all grades of soil within 
that district from the most productive to the least productive in order 
to give material for a comparative study of the induence of soils upon 
the crop. It must not be understood that only on those formations to 
which wheat and corn are accredited can these crops be successfully 
grown. These crops have only been given in connection with areas 
upon which they are considered important and characteristic; the same 
crops are grown on many and probably on most of the other formations 
but to a relatively unimportant extent. 

The grass lands include only those in the Eastern States which are 
well adapted to hay grass. It has been thought impracticable to include 
the ])asture lands in the collection. 

While the main features of the collection are brought out in the large 
groups of samples, designated by their geological origin and their agri- 
cultural crop value, still many of the unclassified samples are of great 
economic or scientific value. They nearly all have some marked peculi- 
arity which gives them a i)lace in such a collection of soils. AVhei e 
possible these peculiarities have been indicated by a word directly fol- 
lowing the serial number of the sample. 

ARRANGEMENT OF THE CATALOGUE. 

The arrangement of the catalogue can be easily understood from the 
method of classification which has just been described. In the first 
part of the catalogue the samples are arranged according to States 
and according to geological formations, physiographic features, or crop 



SAMPLES FROM ALABAMA. 21 

areas. Under each of these groups is given the serial numbers of tlie 
samples, arranged by soils and subsoils, and the counties or townships 
from which they have been derived. An asterisk (* ) following a number 
indicates that a mechanical analysis has been made of tlie sample, and 
a degree mark (o) indicates that a chemical analysis has been made. 
Where either of these has been published a reference is made to the 
bulletin or paper in which the results appear. Where such reference is' 
not made the results are among the unpublished records of the Divi- 
sion of Soils. The agency through which the samples were obtained is 
given in all cases, as this is important in judging of the representative 
value of the sample. 

The second part of the catalogue gives the samples arranged serially 
with a brief description, which will serve to identify the sample, and 
with a reference to the page upon which it is fully described in the 
State classification. 

The third portion of the catalogue gives an alphabetical list of the 
formations represented, with the States or foreign countries from which 
the samples have been obtained. The number of samples from each 
State is given as an indication of the magnitude of the collection from 
any particular locality. This gives a valuable idea of the relative 
distribution of the collection according to the formations and States 
represented. 

The catalogue as thus arranged renders it easy to refer to any sample 
in the collection if the State, geological formation, or serial number is 
known. 

CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLES UNDER STATES AND COUNTRIES FROM 
WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN OBTAINED. 

ALABAMA. 

(157 samples.) 

The samples from Alabama are mainly from two sources. Part of 
them were presented by Dr. E. A. Smitb, director of the geological 
survey of Alabama, from the collection made for the report on cotton 
production in Alabama for the Tenth Census. A description of these 
samples is given in Yol. VI of the Tenth Census and in the agricultural 
volume of the report of the geological survey of Alabama, 1881-82. 
The original numbers by which the samples are designated and under 
which they are described are given in parenthesis and immediately 
following the serial numbers of the Division of Soils. The geological 
correlation, published in the Tenth Census, has been somewhat modi- 
fied as the result of subsequent work of the State geological survey. 
These modifications have been adopted so far as it is possible to do so. 
In addition to the references above cited, see also the bulletins and 
various papers in the annual reports of the United States Geological 
Survey on the Cretaceous, Eocene, Lafayette, and Columbia forma- 
tions. Numbers followed by the sign (°) have had a chemical analysis, 



22 SAMPLES FROM ALABAMA. 

and in all cases these cliemical analyses have been jmblisbert in Vol. VI 
of tbc Tenth Censns and in the agricultural volume of the State geo- 
logical survey. 

During the season of 1891 the Alabama l^^xperiment Station con- 
ducted an interesting series of fertilizer experiments with cotton in dif- 
ferent parts of the State and on a great many different ty])es of soil. 
The results were i)ublished in Bulletin No. 34: of the station. The 
results obtained were so very interesting and the differences recorded 
by the various farmers were so widely dill'eicnt that samples of the 
soils and subsoils were obtained through correspondence with each of 
the farmers who had cooperated in the work. The list of localities, 
together with the description of the samples submitted by the farmers 
and such other data as were brought together, was sent to Dr. E. A. 
Smith, and the samples were correlated as accurately as possible with 
the geological formations of the State. From the very full description 
of the localities and the character of the soil it is believed that this cor- 
relation is reasonably accurate. The markedly different yields of these 
soils with different fertilizers and fertilizer ingredients, reported in 
lUilletin 34 of the Alabama Experiment Station, indicate a A'ery inter- 
esting problem to study, but the time and opportunity for this have 
never been presented, so that the samples have not yet been analyzed. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked ( ') :iud chemical amil.vses 

have been made of samples marked ( ').] 
Alluvial (1 soil). 

Soil 824 (1), (black swamp muck), Autauga Couutv. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. 
Barrens — cotton, corn (.3 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soils 852° (40), 853 (42) (swamp barrens), 860^^ (48), subsoils 854* (41), ,S59* 
(47), (hardpan), Madison County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. 
Cambrian shales (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 662, subsoil 663, Shelby County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. 
Soil 510, subsoil 511, Cherokee County. Collected by farmers cooperating with 
the Alabama Experiment Station. 
Coal measures (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 552, subsoil 553, Cullman County. Collected liy farmers cooijeratiug with 
the Alabama Experiment Station. 
Corn lauds (73 soils, 67 subsoils). 

See Barrens, cretaceous, drift, gneiss, gunpowder-lime hind, hammock, Lafayette, 
linu'Stone, post-oak flatwoods, jirairie, unclassified. 
Cotton lands (73 soils, 67 subsoils). 

See Barrens, cretaceous, drift, gneiss, hammock, l^afayette, limestone, post-oak 
Ihitwoods, prairie, unchissified. 
Cretaceous — cotton, corn, wheat (5 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 672* (green sand), Perry County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. 

Soil 520, subsoil 521, Lowndes County. Collected by fanners cooperating with 

the Alabama Experiment Station. 
Soil 1026, Lee County; soils 1923, 1925, subsoil 1924*, Perry County. Collected 
by agents, United States Department of Agriculture. 
Drift — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1921, subsoil 1922, Lee County. Colle tod by soil observers. Division of 
Soils. 



SAMPLES FROM ALABAMA. 23 

Guciss — cotton, corn, wheat (9 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soil 675* (hornblendic), Chambers County; subsoil 678, Clay County; soil 679, 
Coosa County; soil 680 (hornblendic), Lee County; soils 673*, 674* (horn- 
blendic), Randolph County; soils 676, 677 (mica-schist), Tallapoosa County. 
Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. 
Subsoil 529 (hornblendic), Clay County ; soil 548, subsoil 549, Randolph County ; 
soil 540, subsoil 541, Tallapoosa County. Collected by farmers cooperating 
with the Alabama Experiment Station. 
Ilaiuuiock land — cotton, corn (4 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 830*0 '(9), Montgomery County; soils 833° (20), 834° (21), subsoil 835" (22), 
Tuscaloosa County ; soil 855 (43), subsoil 856 (44), Cahaba River. Dr. E. A. 
Smith, collector. 
Lafayette (orange sands) — cotton^ corn (22 soils, 32 subsoils). 

Soils 825^^ (3), 827*o (6), 869 (59), subsoils 826*" (4), 828* (7), 829 (8), 868* (58), 
870*" (60), 871 (62), AntaugaCounty ; soil 885° (96), subsoils 883" (94), 884 (95), 
886 (97) Barbour County; subsoil 882^ (91), Clarke County; subsoil 880* (85), 
Henry County; soil 887 (124), Pickens Coimty; soil 836 (23), subsoils 837(24), 
841* (28), Sumter County; subsoil 832" (19), Pike County. Dr. E. A. Smith, 
collector. 
Soil 506, subsoil 507, Autauga County; soil 518, subsoil 519, Barbour County; 
soil 494, subsoil 495, Bibb County; soil 5.50, subsoil 551, Bullock County; soil 
544, subsoil 545, Bijtler County ; soil 498, subsoil 499, Clarke County; soil 530, 
subsoil 531, Chilton County; soil 492, subsoil 493, Covington County; soil 526, 
subsoil 527, Dale County; soil 536, subsoil 537, Fayette County; soil 554, sub- 
soil 555, Geneva County; subsoil 533, Greene County; subsoil 557, Henry 
County; soil 504, subsoil 505, Lowndes County; soil 512, subsoil 513, Macon 
County; soil 502, subsoil 503, Marengo County; soil 546, subsoil 547, Pike 
County ; soil 514, subsoil 515, Washington County. Collected by farmers coop- 
erating with the Alabama Experiment Station. 
Limestone (20 soils, 18 subsoils). 

Gunpowder-lime land — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 291, sul)soil 292, Montgomery County. George F. Atkinson, collector. 
(Soil on which cotton rusts more or less every year). 
Knox dolomite — cotton, corn (6 soils, 7 subsoils). 

Soils 876 ^72), 877 (73), subsoil 878 (74), Calhoun County; subsoil 862* (50), 
Madison County; soils 664, 666, subsoils 665, 667, Shelby County. Dr. E. 
A. Smith, collector. 
Soil 534, subsoil 535, Blount County; subsoil 509, Etowah County; soil 542, 
subsoil 543, Shelby County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the 
Alabama Experiment Station. 
Quebec dolomite — cotton, corn (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 857 (45), subsoil 858 (46), Bibb County; soil 879" (76), subsoil 872 (63), 
Talladega County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. 
St. Louis limestone ("red lands'") — cotton, corn, wheat (10 soils, 7 subsoils). 
Soils 846*" (34), 866" (56), subsoil 847* (35), Colbert County ; soil88.50*" (38), 
861 (49), subsoil 851* (39), Madison County; soils 864 (54), 873" (64), sub 
soil 865* (55), Franklin County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. 
Soil 490, subsoil 491, Franklin County; soil 496, subsoil 497, Madison County; 
soil 524, subsoil 525, Morgan County. Collected by farmers cooperating 
with the Alabama Experiment Station. 
Soil 3608*, subsoil 3609*, Jackson County. J. H. Leslie, collector. 
Trenton limestone — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 668, subsoil 669*, Shelby County. Collected by farmers cooperating 
with the Alabama Experiment Station. 



24 SAMPLES FROM ALASKA AHCiLNTINA. 

Post-oak tlatwoods — cottou, corn (l> siibHoils). 

Subsoils S:^8*^ (25), 839^ (26), 810 (27), Sumter Conntj'. Dr. E. A. Smith, 
collector. 
Prairie — cottou, corn (5 soils). 

Soil 670*, Wilcox Couuty ; soil (571*, Choctaw County; soil 848'^ ^30), Joues 
Bluft"; soil 844 (31), 845*" (32), Sumter County. Dr. E. A. Sniith, .ollector. 
Truck land (5 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soils 3598*, 3600% 3602*, 3604*, 3606*, subsoils 3599", 3601*, 3603*, 3605*, 3607*, 
Baldwin County. Collected by private individuals. 
Unclassified — cotton, corn (4 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 443 (61), Autauga County; soils 848° (36), 849* (37) (pipe clay), Colbert 
County; subsoil 874 (65), Franklin County ; subsoil 863 (51), Madisou County. 
Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. 
Soil 293, subsoil 294, Montgomery County. George F. Atkinson, collector. 
Wheat land (24 soils, 13 subsoils). 

See Cretaceous, gneiss, St. Louis limestone. 



(44 HMinples). 

The samples from Alaska were collected by Dr. Sheldon Jackson in 
181)1) in his trips of reconuoissauce and by Dr./Walter Evans of the 
Ottice of Experiment Stations of this Department, under authority of 
the Act of Congress authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to examine 
and report upon the feasibility of establishing an experiment station 
in Alaska. 

It has been impossible from the data available to correlate these sam- 
ples in accordance with the geological formations, as so little is known 
about the geology of Alaska. Furthermore, as the samples were taken 
in many cases in wild uncultivated regions, it has not been possible 
to classify the soils satisfactorily into groups of any kind. They are 
mainly peat soils, very rich in organic matter. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Unclassified (24 soils, 20 subsoils). 

Soil 3643*, subsoil 3644*, Anvik; soil 3645*, 3647*, subsoils 3646*, 3648*, Circle 
City; soil 3455*, Etholine Island; soils 3649*, 3650% Fort Adams; soil 3654*, 
Fort Andreafski; soil 3651*, Fort Cudahy; soils 3438*, 3439*, 3444*, subsoils 
3440% 3441*, 3442*, 3443*, Fort Wrangell; soils 3456*, 3458*, 3460*, subsoils 
3457*, 3459*, 3561*, Juneau; soils 3462*, .3463% 3465*, subsoils 3464% 3466*, 
3696, Kadiak; soils 3445*, 3446*, 3447*, 3448*, subsoils 3449*, 3450*, Sitka; 
soil 3453*, subsoils 3451*, 3452% 3454*, Stikiue Kiver; .soil 3652, subsoil 
36.53, Unalaklik; soil 3655*, subsoil 3656*, Kosercfski. 

Mechanical analyses, 3438, 3439, .^440, 3441,3442, 3443, 3444, Fort Wrangell; 3445, 
3446, 3447, 3448,3449, 34.50, Sitka; 3456, 3457, 3458, 3459, 3460, 3461, Juneau ; 3462, 
3463, 3464, 3465, 3466, Kadiak; published in Bulletin No. 48, Office of Experi- 
ment Stations, page 11. 

AKGKN'rtNA. 

(25 Siiiuples ) 

The samples from Argentina were collected under the direction of 
Prof. W. G. ^avis, Director de la Oficina Meteorologica, Argentina, at 
Cordova. The collection was to represent the important wheat lauds 



SAMPLES FKOM ARIZONA CALIFORNIA. 25 

of Argentina. Only a ]»orti()n of the collection has been received as 
yet. These samples were collected at the request of the Division of 
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology in connection with some inves- 
tigations on wheat rust, and form a part of a series of samples repre- 
senting the soils of the important wheat districts of the world. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 
Wheat lands (25 samples). 

3657*, Eosario; 3658*, Perez; 3659*, Zavalla; 3660*, Villa Casllda; 3661*, Are- 
quito; 3662*, Juarez Celman; 3663*, Villada; 3684*, Meliucue; 3665*, 3666*, 
3667*, 3668*, 3669*, 3670*, 3671*, 3672*, 3673*, 3674', 3675*, 3676*, 3677*, 3678*, 
3679*, 3680*, 3681*, Chubut. 

ARIZONA. 

(1 .sample.) 

Only a single sample of soil has been collected from Arizona, a 
sample of silt from the Oila River, collected by one of the members of 
the United States Geological Survey. It is stated that when this silt 
is deposited on the banks of canals, it seems to have the property of 
diminishing the resistance to the How of water and of accelerating the 
movement of water in the canals. It is furthermore very resistant to 
the eroding action of water in the time of a Hood, and a slight amount 
of this substance will protect a ditch from the action of a large volume 
of water. 

Silt (1 sample). 

3240, from the Gila River. 

ARKANSAS. 

^o samples have been collected from this State. 

BERMUDA. 

(12 samples.) " 

The samples from Bermuda were collected with reference to an inves- 
tigation being carried on by the Division of Vegetable Physiology and 
Pathology on a disease of the Bermuda lily. The collection includes 
samples of new soils suitable for growing the lilies and of old soils 
upon which the lilies are said to become very much diseased. These 
samples were all collected and sent at the request of the Department 
by growers in Bermuda or by agents of the Department. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Unclassified (12 soils) : 

Soils, 3064,3065,3477,* 3478,* 3479*, 3976 (coral sand), 3977, 3995,3996,3997,3998, 
3999. 

CALIFORNIA. 

(90 samples.) 

The origin of the samples from California is threefold. Part of them 
are from the collection made under the direction of Dr. E.W. Hilgard, 
of the University of California, for the report on cotton production in 



26 SAMPLES FROM CALIFORNIA. 

Ciilifornia for the Tenth Census. These samples are described in 
Vol. VI of the Tenth Census, including the chemical analyses of 
most of them. The numbers given in i)areiitheses, following the serial 
numbers of this Division, are the original numbers under which the 
sami)les are described in the Tenth Census. The classification of this 
part of the collection is the same as that adopted by Professor Hilgaid 
in tlie census work. 

A few additional samples were furnished by Professor Hilgard when 
material was being collected for the soil exhibit at the Columbian 
l*'x])()sition. The remaining samples from California were collected by 
agents of this Department. 

A very full description of the formations can be found in Vol. XI of 
the Tenth Census and in the numerous reports and bulletins issued by 
the California Experiment Station. The collection contains many sam- 
ples of great interest on account of the peculiar properties exhibited 
in their relation to water and to plant growth. Many of these inter- 
esting properties have been referred to repeatedly by Dr. Hilgard, and 
some of the most striking properties have been described by the writer 
in a short article in the Yearbook of the Dei)artment of Agriculture 
for 1897, entitled " Some interesting soil problems." 

Some of the soils from the Fresno plains possess the peculiar ])rop- 
erty of subirrigation on a very extensive scale. After irrigation has 
been practiced for some years the subsoil becomes filled with water, 
the wells from being 80 to 100 feet deep are only 2 to 6 feet deep to 
water, and the fields support vegetation without irrigation if only the 
water is allowed to run in the main canals, which may be as much as a 
mile apart. Part of the samples from the Tulare plains show even 
more marked j)eculiarities than this, supporting large fruit crops with- 
out irrigation and with but 9 or 10 inches of rain falling during the 
winter months. Other samples from the same locality have no such 
remarkable power and require frequent irrigation. 

The soils classed as fruit lands of southern California also have this 
power to a more or less marked degree of supporting vegetation with 
little or no irrigation and, although there is no rain during the season 
of actual growth, the soil becomes moist with the winter rains of 18 or 
20 inches, and the crops are matured with no further rain during the 
growing season and with no necessity for irrigation. Other soils in 
this same locality, having apparently the same texture and composi- 
tion, require irrigation to mature a (irop. Particular interest centers 
in sami)le No. 3432, from a sandy field near Pomona where a second 
crop oT tobacco was being harvested from the suckers which had been 
allowed to grow from the main crop, although there had been no rain . 
and no irrigation during the entire season of growth. The water in 
the wells was about 30 feet from the surface. The soil was still moist 
within 2 or 3 inches of the surface. 

The soils of the Mojave Desert are interesting from the apparent 



SAMPLES FROM CALIFORNIA. 27 

sterility of tlio land in its native condition, and yet there is no appar- 
ent cause for this in the physical texture or the chemical composition 
of the soils, as compared with like properties of soils from other local- 
ities in adjoining counties. With only 5 inches of annual rainfall and 
located 15 or 20 miles from the mountains, it is possible in many places 
in the Mojave Desert to find standing water within 5 or 6 feet of the 
surface. This is usually quite alkaline, but the soils do not appear to 
be sufficiently alkaline, except as a result of injudicious irrigation, to 
account for the sterility in their natural condition. 

The collection of alkali soils has been made for a special study in con- 
nection with other alkali soils of the United States. 

The foothill soils have the property of supporting vegetation through 
long periods of dry weather and they form some of the most valuable 
wheat lands. 

The adobe soils have the general properties of a compact clay, exceed- 
ingly difficult to till and yet very productive when properly treated. 
While i^ossessing the properties of clay, they are composed mainly of 
silt and are extremely interesting in showing these physical properties 
with the great difference existing between them and the true clay soils. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). Chemical analyses 

have been made of samples marked (°).] 
Adobe — wheat (6 soils). 

Soils 341*o (1), 342*o (4), Alameda County; soil 327*° (570), Fresno County; 
soil 343*o (6), San Joaquin County; soil 336 "^ (68), Tuolumne County. Col- 
lected by Dr. E. W. Hilgard. for the Tenth Census. 

Soil 3404 % Orange County. Collected, by agents of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 

Mechanical analyses of samples 336, 341, 342, 343 (by Professor Hilgard's method 
of elutriation) are published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of 
California, page 83. Chemical analyses of samples 327, 336, 341, 342, 343, are 
published in the same volume, pages 79-81. 
Alkali land (11 soils, 13 subsoils). 

Soil 345*o (9), San Joaquin County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for 
Tenth Census. 

Soils 3406, 3407, Orange County. Collected by agents of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 

For additional samples, see Fresno Plains, Mojave Desert, Tulare Plains, unclas- 
sified. 

Mechanical analysis 345 (by Professor Hilgard's method of elutriation) is pub- 
lished in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83. 
Alluvial soils (5 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1021, Los Angeles County; soil 1115 (prairie), Solano County; soils 967, 968, 
Tulare County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Columbian Exposition. 

Soil 3408 (celery), subsoil 3409* (celery). Orange County. Collected by agents 
of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Fresno Plains (7 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soil 328*o (704), Fresno County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth 
Census. 

Soil 798, Fresno County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Columbian 
Exposition. 



28 SAMPLES FROM CALIFORNIA. 

Fresno Plains (7 soils, 5 subsoils) — Continued. 

Soils 3393, 3394 % 3396% 3397 (alkali), 3400*— subsoils 3391, 3392 (hoKwallow), 3395, 
3398 (alkali), 3399* (alkali), Fresno County. Collected by agents of the 
United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mecdianical analysis 3394 is publisiietl in Yearbook, Department (jf Agriculture, 

1897, ))age440. 
Clu'iuical analysis 328 published in ^'ol. VI, Tenth Census, Cottou Production 
of California, i)age 79. 
Greenhouse soil — roses, carnations (2 samples). 

Soil 2250 , Alhambra; soil 2261, San Francisco. 
Limestone soil (1 soil). 

Soil 966, Santa Clara County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Colum- 
bian Exposition. 
Mojave Desert soil (3 soils, 6 subsoils). 

Soil 337*c (332), Kern County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Tenth 

Census. 
Soils 3387% 3389', subsoils 3383 (alkali hard])an), 3384 (alkali hardpan), 3385 
(alkali), 3386 (alkali), 3388*, 3390 (alkali), Los Angeles County. Collected by 
agents of the United States De|)artment of Agriculture. 
Mechaiucal analysis 3388, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 

1897, i.age 440. 
Chemical analysis 337 published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production 
of California, jtage 80. 
Tobacco laud, cigar type (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 2262 subsoil, 2263*', Marin County. Collected by private individuals. 
Mechanical analysis 2263 published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 42. 
Tulare Plains (10 soils, 7 subtjoils). 

Soils 329*" (586), 330^ (573), 346'*- (585) (wire-grass soil), Tulare County. Col- 
lected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census. 
Soils 3377 (alkali), 3378" (alkali), 3381* (alkali), 3410% 3412 (alkali), 3414 (alkali), 
3416% subsoils, 3379 (alkali hardpan), 3380 (alkali), 3382 (alkali), 3411% 3413 
(alkali), 3415* (alkali), 3417*, Tulare County. Collected by ageuts of the 
United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical analyses 3378, 3416, iiublished in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- 
ture, 1897, page 440. Mechanical analysis 329 (by Professor Hilgard's method 
of elutriatiou) published in Vol. \I, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of 
California, page 83. 
Chemical analyses 329, 330, 346, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton 
Production of California, pages 79-81. 
Unclassified (23 soils, 6 subsoils). 

Fruit land of southern California (14 soils, 3 subsoils) 

Soils 3130% 3432*, subsoil 3431*, Los Angeles County; soil 3105, Orange 
County; soils 3401*, 3402* (mesa). Riverside County; soils 3403*, 3433 
(alkali), 343.5, 3437* (alkali), subsoils 3434 (alkali), 3436, San Bernardino 
County. Collected "by agents of the United States Department of Agri- 
culture. 
Soil 1020, San Bernardino County; soil 969, San Luis Obispo County; soil 
1019, Ventura County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Colum- 
bian Exposition. 
Soil 338*" (382) (mesa), Los Angeles County; soil 339*^' (168), Ventura 

County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census. 
Mechanical analysis 339 (by Professor Hilgard's method of elutriatiou), 
published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of Califorida, 
page 83. 
Chemical analyses 338, 339, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cottou 
1 'roductiou of California, page 80. 



SAMPLES FROM CHINA COLORADO. 29 

Unclassified (23 soils, 6 subsoils) — Coutiuued. 
MisceUane(^iis ('J soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 699, subsoil 700, Alameda Couuty; soil 1116, Shasta County. Collected 

by Prof. E. W. Hilj^ard for the Columbian Exposition. 
Soil 331*° (700) (salt grass soil), Kern County; soil 344*° (8), San Joaquin 
County^ soils 332*° (705) (red chaparral), 340*° (702) (red chaparralj, 
subsoil 333*° (706) (red chaparral), Shasta County; soil 1058, Sonoma 
County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilyard for Tenth Census. 
Subsoil 3975 (irrigation hardpan), Los Angeles County. F. L. Palmer, col- 
lector. 
Soils ,3980, 3981, Los Angeles County. J. Sterling Morton, collector. 
Mechanical analysis 344 (by Professor Hilgard's method of elutriation), 
published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, 
page 83. 
Mechanical analysis 3432, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- 
ture, 1897, page 440. 
Chemical analyses 331, 332, 333, 340, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, 
Cotton Production of California, pages 79-81. 
Wheat land (8 soils). 

Soil 335*° (51) (red foothill soil). Placer County; soil 334*° (499), Yuba County. 

Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census. 
For additional samples of wheat land, see adobe. 
Mechanical analysis 335 ( by Professor Hilgard's method of elutriation), published 

in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83. 
Chemical analyses 334, 335, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Produc- 
tion of California, page 80. 



(1 sample.) 

A single sample from China is contained in the collection. This is of 
interest as it represents the loess formation, the origin of \vhich has 
been so much discussed in geological literature. This sample is from a 
larger one in the United States National Museum. It is interesting to 
note that it has the same texture as the loess formation in our Western 
States, shown particularly in the samples from Nebrasl^a and Illinois 
which have been examined. 

[Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).] 

Loess (1 8ami)le). 

2726*, Chinkiang. 

COLORADO. 

(17 samples.) • 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). Chemical analysis 

has been made of sample marked (°).] 
Alkali land (1 soil). 

Soil 793. Walter ,J. Quick, collector. 
Kaolinite (1 soil). 

Soil 3241°, San Juan County. Whitman Cross, collector. 
Prairie (10 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 1870, Rocky Ford. Collected by agent of the United States Department of 
Agriculture. 

Soils 791, 792, Larmier County. Walter J. Quick, collector. 



30 SAMPLES FROM CONNECTICUT. 

Prairio (10 soils, 2 subsoils) — Continued. 

Soil 3475", subsoil 3476% Larimer County: soil 3424, suhsoW .3425*, Weld 
County. W. W. Cooke, collector. These samples rei)reseut a larj^e potato- 
growing district 
Soil 1846*, Setlgwick County; soil 1785*, Yuma County. Robert Hay, colleclor. 
Plains marl (3 soils). 

Soil 1783*, Yuma County; soils 1844*, 1845*. Robert Hay, collector. 
Unclassiiied (1 soil, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 3734, subsoils 3735, 3736, Phillips cfounty. Colhicted Ity agents of Ihe 
United States Department of Agriculture. 

CONNECTICUT. 

(57 siiniples.) 

The samples from Connecticut were obtained mainly from two 
sources: Part of tlieni were obtained by agents of this Department 
and part were collected by the Connecticut and Storrs experiment 
stations for the soil exhibit of the Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alluvial soil (4 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Miscellaneous (3 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 794, 1011, subsoil 1012, Falls Village; soil 1073, subsoil 1074. Shaker 
Station. Collected by the Connecticut and Storrs (experiment stations. 
Peat swamp CI soil, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 2722, subsoil 2723, 2724, Storrs. Collected by agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 
Drift, glacial (5 soils, 6 subsoils). 

Soil !t60, subsoil 961, Lebanon; soil 962, subsoil 963, Pomfret; soil 1069, subsoil 
1070, Storrs; soil 1117, subsoil 1118, West Cornwall.* Collected by the Con- 
necticut and Storrs experiment stations. 
Soil 2719, subsoils 2720, 2721, Storrs. Collected by agents. United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 
Greenhouse soil — lettuce, cucumbers (1 sample). 

Soil 1847*, New Haven. 
Tobacco land (cigar type) (12 soils, 9 subsoils). 

Soil 1065, subsoil 1066*, Poquonock. Collected by the Connecticut and Storrs 

experiment station. 
Soils 1304, 1938, subsoil 1305*, Bloomfield; soils 728, 831% 1937, subsoils 729*, 
842% East Hartford; soils 1252, 1362, subsoils 1254*, 1363,.Po.iuono(k; soil 1302, 
subsoil 1303*, Wethersfield; soils 989, 1276, 1939, subsoils 959% 1277*, Windsor. 
Collected by agents of the United States Dejiartment of Agriculture. 
Mechanical analyses of samples 729, 842, 1254 are published in Yearbook, United 
States Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 146; in Bulletins Nos. 5 and 11, 
Division of Soils, and in Report of Pennsylvania State College, Part II, 1X!M, 
page 144. Mechanical analyses 831, 959, 1066, 1277, 1303, 1305 are published in 
Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 40. 
Triassic red sandstone (3^oils, 4 subsoils). 

Subsoil 1014, New Haven; soil 1061, subsoil 1062, NewiTigton; soil 1015, subsoil 
1016, South Manchester; soil 1067, subsoil 1068, Wappiug. Collected by the 
Connecticut and Storrs experiment stations. 
Unclassiiied (5 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soil 1071, subsoil 1072 (hardpan), Newton ; soil 1274, subsoil 1275, Silver 
Lane; soils 1063, 1075, subsoils 1064, 1076, West Hartford. Collected by the 
Connecticut and Storrs experiment stations. 



SAMPLES FROM CUBA DELAWARE. 31 

Unclassified (5 soils, 4 subsoils) — Continued. 

Soil 1640* (glass sand, used by Professor Hellriegel and Prof. W. O. Atwat<-r for 

sand-culture experiments). 
Mechanical analysis 1640 is published in Experiment Station Record, Vol. V., 
No. 8, page 758. 



(16 samples.) 

The samples from Cuba were collected at the request of the Depart- 
ment by the consul general at Havana. For the samples from the 
famous Vuelta Abajo district we are indebted to the courtesy of Mr. 
Gustavo Bock, of Havana, who placed his ageuts at the disposal of the 
Department for the purpose of collecting them. The samples from 
the eastern part of the island were collected under the direction of the 
United States vice commercial agent at iS^uevitas. 

The samples from the Vuelta Abajo district are said to represent the 
soil upon which the finest type of Cuban tobacco is produced. It has 
been shown that these have the same texture as the tobacco soils of 
Florida and of the Connecticut Valley. 

The soils of the Eemedios district are much heavier and contain very 
much more day. The Remedios tobacco is much heavier and stronger 
than that from the Vuelta Abajo district. The tobacco soils of Penn- 
sylvania and Ohio are similar in texture to these Remedios soils, and 
it is noteworthy that the tobacco .produced on them is likewise much 
heavier and stronger than the tobacco on the lighter soils of the Con- 
necticut Valley. 

The soils from the eastern districts of Cuba are lighter in texture 
than the Kemedios soils and not unlike those of the Vuelta Abajo dis- 
trict, but for some reasons, at present unknown, the tobacco produced 
is much heavier and stronger, and but little of it is brought to this 
country. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 
Tobacco land (cigar type) (16 soils). 

Soil 1982*, Gibara district; soil 1964*, Marditon de Nuevitas district; soil 6*, 
Mayari district; soils 1958% 1959*, I960*, 1961*, Remedios district; soil 5", 
Sagua de Tanamo district; soils 1965% 1966*, San Miguel de Nuevitas district; 
soils 306*, 307*, 308*, 309*, 310*, 311*, Vuelta Abajo district. 
Mechanical analyses 309, 1960. published in linlletiu No. 5, Dirision of Soils, 
page 20. Mechanical analyses 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 1958, 1959,1960, 1961, 
published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 42. 

DELAWARE. 

(2 samples.) 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Clay, pottery (2 samples). 

1968 - (china clay), 1975* (china clay). Newcastle County. Contributed by Prof. 
Edwin Orton. 



32 SAMPLES FROM DISTRICT OF «OLUMBIA FLORIDA. 

DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. 

(34 aaniplos.) 

The samples from the District of Columbia were all collected by 
agents of the United States Department of Agricultuic and the Mary- 
land Experiment Station. 

[Mechanical analyses liavo been made of samples marked (*").] 

Chesapeake (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soils 2689, subsoil 2690 ■. 
Clay, brick, and tilo (2 samples). 

2185% 2186*. 
Columbia (2 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 2695, 2703, subsoils 2696*. 2704 ■, 3791. 
Eocene (2 soils, 2 aultsoils). 

Soils 2691, 2701, subsoils 2692*, 2702*. 
Greenhousi^ soil (2 sami)k's). 

1615* (propagating sand), 1616. 
Lafayette (6 soils, 6 subsoils). 

Soils 1464, 2685, 2709, 2711, 2713. 271.-.. subsoils 1465. 2686*, 2710-, 2712*, 2714*, 
2716*. 
Potomac (2 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soils 2683, 2687, subsoils 2684*, 26SS % 2708* , 3642*. 
Unclassified (1 subsoil). 

Subsoil 3641. 

ENGLAND. 

(2 samples.) 
[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Clay, pottery (1 sample). 

1974* (ground Cornwall stone). Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. 
Fuller's earth (1 sample). 

3238*. 

FLORIDA. 

(179 siiinples.) 

The samples from Florida were collected by agents of this Depart- 
ment. The desciii»tion of the soils characteristic of the vegetation 
and the mechanical analyses of the soils have been given in Bulletin 
No. 13 of this Division. The classification is the same as that in com- 
mon use in that State and is based mainly upon the character of the 
growth. The hammock soil, mixed land, and high pine land are adai)ted 
to citrus fruits, early truck crops, and tobacco, except that the rich 
heavy hammock is not a tobacco soil and is adapted to the heavier 
truck ci'Oi)s only, such as cabbage and iiotatoes. The Hatwoods are not 
cultivated to any extent, and the Etonia scrub is not <niltivated at all 
at present. The Lafayette forms the tobacco and cotton lands of west- 
ern Florida with a few exposures on the peninsula. The pineapple lands 
are at present devoted mainly to this crop. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples uiarked (*).] 

Alluvial soil (9 soils, 9 subsoils). 

See Muck land. 
Clay, pottery (1 sample). 

1976* (kaolin). Contributed by Prof Kdwin Orion. 



SAMPLES FROM FLOKIDA. 33 

Cotton (i soils, 7 subsoils). 

See Lafayette. 
Etonia scrub — not cultivated, desert plants (4 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soils 1G21", 2913*, 2915*, 2917*, subsoils 1622*, 2914*, 2916*, 2918*, 2919 (Lafay- 
ette from under scrub), Lake County. 
Mechanical analysis 1622, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 
1894, page 136. Mechanical analyses 1621, 1622, 2913, 2914, 2915, 2916, 2917, 
2918, published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 29, 
Flatwoods (2 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 3632 (alkali), Bradford County; soil 1659, subsoil 1660, Orange County. 
Fuller's earth (11 samples), 

2903 (crude), 2904* (coarsely ground for refining oil and vaseline), 2905 (fine), 
3967 (crude), 3968 (grade cm), 3969 (grade S), 3970 (grade F), 3971 (grade XXS), 
3972 (grade XXF), 3973 (grade XF), 3974 (dust), Gadsden County, 
Hammock (28 soils, 31 subsoils). 

Grey hammock — citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (16 soils, 14 subsoils). 

Soils 2857*, 2859*, subsoils 2858*, 2860*, Brevard County; soil 2935*, subsoil 
2936*, Dade County; soils 1953, 1954, 1956, 3688, 3692, subsoils 3689,3690, 
3691, Lake County; soils 2817*, 2819*, 2820*, 2947, 3633*, subsoils 2818*, 
2821*, 2948, 3631*, Polk County; soils 3627, 3687, subsoils 3624, 3625, 3626, 
3628, Putnam County; soil 3623, Volusia County. 
Mechanical analyses 2817, 2818, 2819, 2820, 2821, 2857, 2858, 2859, 2860, pub- 
lished in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 29. Mechanical analyses 
2817, 2818, 2819, 2820, 2821, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, 
pages 41 and 42, 
Light hammock — citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (4 soils, 7 subsoils). 

Soils 2827*, 2830*, subsoils 2828*, 2829*, 2831*, 2847*, 2848, Marion County; 

soils 2871*, 2873*, subsoils 2872*, 2874*, Polk County. 
Mechanical analyses 2827, 2829, 2830, 2831, 2847, 2871, 2872, 2873, 2874, pub- 
lished in Bulletin Xo. 13, Division of Soils, pages 28 and 29. Mechanical 
analyses 2827, 2828, 2830, 2831, 2847, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of 
Soils, pages 41 and 42, 
Mulatto hammock — citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 
Soil 2822*, subsoil 2823*, Polk County. 

Mechanical analyses 2822, 2823, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of 
Soils, page 41 ; also puljlished in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 30, 
Red coquina hammock — citrus fruits, truck (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 
Soils 2861*, 2863*. subsoils 2862*, 2864*, Brevard Couuty. 
Mechanical analyses 2861, 2862, 2863, 2864, published in Bulletin No. 13, Divi- 
sion of Soils, pages 29 and 30, 
Rich heavy hammock — citrus fruits, truck (5 soils, 7 subsoils). 

Soils 1625*, 2881,2884*, subsoils 1626*, 2882, 2883*, 2885*, Lake County; soils 

2832*, 2834*, subsoils 2833*. 2835*, 2836*, Marion County, 
Mechanical analyses 1625, 2832, 2834, published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of 
Soils, page 31. 
High pine land — citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (18 soils, 19 subsoils). 

Soil 2939*, subsoil 2940*, Dade County; soils 1619*, 1623*, 1992, 1993, 1994,2869% 
2906*, 2908*, 2911*, subsoils 1620*, 1624*, 2870*, 2907*, 2909*, 2912*, 3693, 3694, 
Lake County; soils 2824* (first (quality, considered as productive as the ham- 
mock), 2826* (third quality, very poor). 2875*, 2877, 2879" (third (juality), 2850*, 
2852*, 2854, subsoils 2825* (first quality, considered as productive as the ham- 
mock), 2851*, 2853*, 2855, 2876*, 2878*, 2880* (third quality), 2920* (third qual- 
ity), 3629*, 3630*, Polk Couuty. 
8670— No. 16 3 



34 SAMPLES FROM GEORGIA — GERMANY. 

High pine land — citrus t'rnits, truck, tobacco (18 soils, 10 subsoils) — Continued. 

Mechanical analyses 16l.'(), lt>24, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- 
ture, 18iU, page 136. Mechanical analyses 2824, 2825, 2826, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, 
l)ublishcdin Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 41, 42. Mechanical analyses 
1619, 1620, 1623, 1624, 2824, 2825, 2826, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, 2869, 2870, 2875, 2876, 
2879, 2880, 2906, 2907, 2908, 2909, 2911, 2912, 2920, published in Bulletin No. 13, 
Division of Soils, page 30. Mechanical analysis 1620 also i)ublished in Bulle- 
tin No. 129, North Cartdina Experiment Station, 1896, ])ago 174. 
Lafayette (red lands) — tobacco, cotton (4 soils, 7 subsoils). 

Soils 2894% 2897*, 2899% 2901*, subsoils 2895% 2896% 2898% 2900% 2902% Gads- 
den County (tobacco and cotton lands of western Florida) ; subsoil 2910*, 
Lake County ; subsoil 2856, Polk County. 
Mechanical analyses 2894, 2895, 2896, 2897, 2898, 2899, 2900, 2901, published in 
Bulletin No. 11, Di^■i^ion of Soils, page 42; also in Bulletin No. 13, Division of 
Soils, page 29. 
Mixed land (pine and red oak) — citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (4 soils, 6 subsoils). 
Soils 2837% 2839% 2842% 2845*, subsoils 2838% 2840*, 2841*, 2843*, 2844, 2846*, 

Marion County. 
Mechanical analyses 2837, 2838, 2839, 2840, 2841, 2842, 2843, 2845, 2846, published 
in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 41, 42; also in Bulletin No. 13, 
Division of Soils, pages 30, 31. 
Muck land (alluvium) — sugar cane, rice, truck crops (9 soils, 9 subsoils). 

Soils 2812% 2813*, 2892, 29.32*, 2934, subsoils 2893, 2933*, Dade County; soils, 
1942*, 1945% 1946% 1950*, subsoils 1943*, 1944*, 1947% 1948, 1949, 1951*, 1952*, 
Osceola County. 
Pineapple laud (4 soils, 6 subsoils). 

Soils 2212*, 2886*, 2888*, 2890*, subsoils 2213*, 2214*, 2887*, 2889*, 2891*, 3965*, 

Dade County. 
Mechanical analyses 2212, 2213, 2214, 2886, 2887, 2888, 2889, 2890, 2891, published 
in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 28. 
Spruce pine scrub — truck and second quality orange soil (3 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 2865*, 2867*, subsoils 2866*, 2868, Brevard County ; soil 2941*, subsoil 2942*, 

Dado County. 
Mechanical analyses 2865, 2866, 2867, published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of 
Soils, page 28. 
Tobacco land (cigar tyi)e) — (47 soils, 54 subsoils). 

See Hammock, high j)ine land, mixed land, Lafayette. 
Truck land (53 soils, 59 subsoils). 

See Hammock, high pine land, mixed land, spruce pine scrub. 
Unclassified (2 soils, 2 sub.soils). 

Soils 29.37*, 2938*. Dade County; subsoil 19.55, Lake County; subsoil 2849% 
Marion County. 



(1 sample.) 

Only oue sample from Georgia is contained in tlie collection. 

[Mechanical analysis has Ix^en made of sample marked (*).] 

Unclassified (1 soil). 

Soil 2315% Bibb County. 

GKRMANY. 

(7 samples.) 

The samples from Germany were collected by W. T. Swingle from 
near Geisenlieim on the Rhine, as representing tlie best wine soils of 
the Geiseuheim district. The soil is derived iiom a clay slate of the 



SAMPLES FROM HAWAIIAN ISLANDS ILLINOIS. 35 

Devouiaii. age, the undecomposed Tlioiiscbiefer (clay slate) being found 
from 15 to 18 feet below the surface. This is quarried and applied to 
the surface as a top dressing, where it entirely disintegrates and mixes 
with the soils within two or three j^ears. Immediately under the soil 
and overlying the Thonschiefer is a clay marl (Thoumergel), which is 
applied to the surface as an annual dressing, particularly where the 
Thonschiefer can not be obtained. These applications to the soil are 
considered essential for the finest bouquet and aroma in the wine. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Vineyard soils (4 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 3874*, 3875% 3876*, 3880*, subsoils 3877 (undecomposed Thonschiefer), 
3878 (Thonschiefer partly weathered, ns applied to vineyards), 3879* (Thou- 
mergel). 

HAWAIIAX ISLANDS. 

(12 samples.) 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Volcanic ash lava, scoria (12 soils). 

Soils 3611*, 3612*, 3613*, 3614*, 3615*, 3616*, 3617*, 3618*, 3619*, 3620*, 3621*, 
3622*. A. B. Lyon, collector. 

IDAHO. 

(3 samples.) 

[Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).] 

Basalt — wheat (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 3303, subsoil 3304, Latah County. Collected by agent of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 
Unclassified (1 sample). 

3682*, Kootenai County. J. B. Leiberg, collector. 



(71 samples.) 

Most of the samples from Illinois were collected by Mr. Frank Lev- 
erett at the time he was making the collection of typical Illinois soils 
for the World's Fair Exposition at Chicago. The character of the for- 
mations is fully discussed in the Report of the Illinois Board of the 
World's Fair Commissioners, publi.shed in 1893. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 
Corn land (41 soils, 22 subsoils). 

See Glacial drift, loess, prairie, Subcarboniferous. 
Glacial drift — wheat, corn (12 soils, 3 subsoils). 
Bowlder clay (1 soil, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 1334rt*, Coles County; subsoil 1488, Rock Island; subsoil 1432, Winne- 
bago County. Frank Leverett, collector. 
Miscellaneous (11 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1322, Bond County; soil 1344*, subsoil 1350, Christian County; soil 
1369* (prairie), Clark County; soil 1339* (prairie), Cook County; soil 1364, 
Dekalb County; soil 1346*, Eftingham County: soil 1333* (prairie), Mar- 
shall County; soils 1326,1327* (prairie), Mason County; soil 1338,* Peoria 
County; soil 1335, Saline County. Frank Leverett, collector. 
Mechanical analyses 1327, 1333, 1334«, 1338, 1339, 1344, 1346, 1369, published 
in Report of Uliuois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, 1893. pages 103- 
106. 



36 SAMPLES FROM INDIANA. 

Giceiihotiso soil — carnations, roses (1 sai)ii>lo-). 

Soil 2l'81^ 
Loess — timber lauds, com, wlieat (23 soils, 14 subsoils). 

Subsoil 1323, Boud Couuty; soils 1315% 1317*, subsoils 1316*, 1318*, Cass 
County; soil 1307*, subsoil 1308% Greene County; soil 1345*, Jefferson 
County; soil 1347*, Jo Daviess County; soil 1330, Johnson County; soil 1311, 
subsoils 1312*, 1349, Madison County; soil 1368% Jiock Island; soil 1343*, 
Shelby County; soil 1337, Williamson County; soil 1332*, Winchester 
County. Frank Lererott, collector. 
I"or additional samples of loess, see under Prairie. 

Mechanical analyses 1316, 1317, iiublished in Monthly Weather Review, Janu- 
ary, 1895, pago 17; in Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, page 331; 1317 also 
published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 12. Mechanical analyses 
1307, 1308, 1312, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1332, 1343, 1345, 1347, 1368, published in 
Report of Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, 1893, pages 104-105, 
Prairie — corn, wheat (20 soils, 11 subsoils). 
Gumbo (1 soil). 

Soil 1340*, St. Clair Couuty. Frank Leverett, collector. 
Limestone, Galena (1 soil). 

Soil 1325^, Jo Daviess County. 
Loess (12 soils, 8 subsoils). 

Soil 1321*, Bond Couuty; subsoil 2808*, Cass County; soil 1342*, Cuml»er- 
land Couuty; soil 1331, Greene County; subsoil 1370*, Hendersou 
County; soil 1319, subsoil 1320, Madison County; soil 1309, subsoils 
1310, 1348, 1373, Montgomery Couuty; soil 1324, Rohley ; soil 1306*, Saline 
County; soil 1365, subsoil 1366, Sangamon County; soil 1313, subsoil 1314, 
Shelby County; soil 1328*, Stark County; soil 1336, Stephenson Couuty; 
soil 1367, Union County. Frank Leverett, collector. 
Unelassihed (2 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 299, 300, subsoils 301, 302*, 3966*, Champaign (bounty. Collected by 

the Illinois Experimeut Station. 
For additional samples of prairie, see Glacial drift. 

Mechanical analyses 302, 1306, 1321, 1325, 1328, 1340, 1342, 1370, published in 
Report of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, 1893, pages 
103-106. 
Subcarboniferous — corn, wheat (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soils 1374, 1376, subsoils 1375, 1377, Tniou County. Frank Leverett, collector. 
Truck laud (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soils 2323, 2327, subsoils 2324*, 2328*, Kankakee County. Collected by Dr. 
Clarke Gapen from the irrigated tields of the grounds of the Illinois Eastern 
Hospital. 
Unclassitied (2 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1371, Montgomery County. Frank Leverett, collector. 

Soil 2325, subsoil 2326*, Kankakee County. Collected by Dr. Clarke Gapen 
from the irrigated fields of the grounds of the Illinois Eastern Hospital. 
Wheat land (41 soils, 22 subsoils). 

<See Glacial drift, loess, prairie, Subcarboniferous. 

INDIANA. 

(4 samples.) 

[Mechanical analyses have beeu made of samples marked (*).] 

Greenlumse soil — carnations, roses (2 samples). 
Soil 2232% Kokomo; soil 2246*. Lafayette. 



SAMPLES FROM IOWA KANSAS. 37 

Wind-blown dust (2 samples). 

1957*, Parke County; 1995 (38 samples of wind-blown dust, or "black snow," 

which fell during January iiud February, 1895, in several counties in Indiana 

are filed under this number). 
Mechanical analysis 1957, published in Monthly Weather Review, .January, 1895, 

page 17; also in Rocks, Rock- Weathering, and Soils, page 331. 

IOWA. 

(12 samples.) 
[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Corn land (2 subsoils). 

See Loess. 
Gumbo (7 subsoils). 

Subsoils 2330*, 2332*', 2333*, 2335, 23'38*, LeeCounty ; subsoil 2329, Louisa County ; 
subsoil 2336*, Washington County. Frank Leverett, collector. 
Loess — corn, wheat (2 subsoils). 

Subsoil 2339*, Lee County. P>ank Leverett, collector. 

Subsoil 2542, Muscatine County. Selected by Dr. Diller as typical of the loeos. 

Described in Bulletin No. 150 of the United States Geological Survey, and form- 
ing one of the Educational Series of Rocks, recently issued by the Survey. 
Unclassified (3 subsoils). 

Subsoil 2331*, Lee County; subsoil 2334*, Muscatine County; subsoil 2337*, 
Washington County. Frank Leverett, collector. 
Wheat land (2 subsoils). 

See Loess. 



(119 samples.) 

The samples from Kansas were obtained through two agencies. Part 
of them were collected and sent in by Mr. Robert Hay, in connection 
with his work for the United States Geological Survey. The others 
were collected by agents of this Department. These samples are quite 
typical of the localities they represent, and there are several well-marked 
types which show very interesting relations between soils and crops. 
The samples are accompanied by very full notes as to the origin and as 
to their agricultural value and any peculiarities in regard to their 
physical properties. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alluvial soil — corn (2 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 402, Barton County; soil 455, subsoil 456, Cloud County. Collected by 
agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Corn land (39 soils, 32 subsoils). 

See Alluvial soil, prairie, 
Prairie (56 soils, 46 subsoils). 
Alkali soil (1 soil). 

Soil 1778*, Sherman Couuty. Robert Hay. collector. 
Benton limestone — corn (6 soils, 6 subsoils). 

Soil 427, subsoil 428*, Ellis County; soil 451, subsoil 452*, Jewell County; 
soil 445, subsoil 446, Lincoln County; soil 453, subsoil 454, Mitchell 
County; soil 660, subsoil 661, Osborne County; soil 396, subsoil 397*. 
Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 



38 SAMPLES FROM KANSAS. 

Prairie (56 soils, 46 subsoils) — Continued. 

Black waxy soil (1 subsoil). * 

Subsoil 323', Snniner County. Colli'itcd by agents of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 
Blue-stem soil (3 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 1775*, Sherman Couuty." Robert Hay, collector. 

Subsoil 403*, Barton County; subsoil :i!>9', Meade County; soil 429, 430*, 
Stallord County. II. R. Hilton, collector. 
DaliOta sandstone — corn (2 soils, 1 subsoil). 
Soil 1611. Robert Hay, collector. 

Soil 447, subsoil 448, Dickinson County. Collected liy agents of tlie United 
States Department of Agriculture. 
Gumbo (4 soils). 

Soils 1940, 1941, Shawnee County; soils 1962, 1963, Sumner County. Col- 
lected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Gypsum soil (1 soil, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 1690, subsoil 1885, Logan County ; subsoil 407, Pratt County. Collected 
by agents of the United States 1 )epartment of Agriculture. 
J^oess — corn (2 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1609, Geary County. Kobert Hay, collector. 

Soil 3737, subsoil 37.38, Cheyenne County. Collected by agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 
Magnesia soil (1 subsoil). 

Subsoil 1793. Robert Hay, collector. 
Plains marl — corn (15 soils, 8 subsoils). 

Soil 1789*,' Cheyenne County ; soil 1612, Saline County; soil 1784*, Sherman 
County; soils 1776'', 1781*, Wallace County; soils 1782,* 1786*, localities 
unkm)wn. Robert Hay, collector. 
Soil 404, subsoil 405*, Ford County ; soil 433, subsoils 434, 435, Logan County; 
soil 398, Meade County; soil 439, subsoil 440*, Norton County; soil 441, 
subsoil 442*, Phillips County ; soil 425, subsoil 426*, Russell County; soil 
400, subsoil 401*, Scott County; soil 431, subsoil 432*, Thomas County. 
Collected by agents of the United States Department of .Agriculture. 
Mechanical analysis 1789 published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, 
page 14. 
Salt-grass land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1688, subsoil 1689, Finney County. Collected by agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 
Unclassified (21 soils, 23 subsoils). 

Corn land (12 soils, 15 subsoils). . 

Soils 1678, 1682. subsoils 1679*, 1683*, 1684*, 1685*, Finnoy County; soil 
1472, subsoil 1473, McPherson County ; soil 324, subsoils 325~, 326*, Reno 
County; soil 1887, Rooks County ; soils 1691*, 1692*, subsoil 1693*, Rus- 
sell County; subsoil 1610, Saline County ; soils 1694, 1698, 1884, subsoils 
1695% 1696, 1697, 1699*, 1877, Scott County; soil 1606*, subsoil 1607*, 
Shawnee County ; soil 1886, Trego County. Collected by agents of the 
United States Department of Agriculture. 
Miscellaneous (9 soils, 8 subsoils). 

Soil 1777, Wallace County. Robert Hay, collector. 

Soil 1882, subsoil 1883, Allen County; subsoil 3978 (zinc clay sulphide), 
Cherokee County ; soil 1680, subsoils 1681*, 1686 * (water-bearing sand 
and gravel from well at Garden City), Finney County; subsoil 409*, 
Meade County (sand from whicli arteiflan How is obtained in this local- 
ity); subsoil 410, Ness County; soil 406, subsoil 408*, Pratt County; 
soils 1608, 1700, 1888, 1889, subsoil 1701", Shawnee County; soil 322, 
Sunmer County. Collected by agents of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 



SAMPLES FROM KENTUCKY. 39 

Saiul Hills (3 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 1672, 1674, 1676, subsoils 1673, 1675*, 1677*, Finney County. Collected by 
agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Sedentary soil (4 soils). 

Soils 1779*, 1791*, Cheyenue County; soil 1780, Wallace County; soil 1790. 
Robert Hay, collector. 
Silt from irrigation ditcli (1 sample). 

1687*, Finney County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of 
Agriculture. 
Volcanic ash (1 soil, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 1792*, Trego County. Robert Hay, collector. 

Subsoils 1474, 1618, McPherson County. J. A. Udden, collector. 

KENTUCKY. 

(185 samples.) 

The samples from Kentucky were collected in part by the Kentucky 
Experiment Station, in connection with the soil exhibit of that State, 
for the Columbian Exposition at Chicago. The remaining samples 
were collected l)y ag^ents of this Department, principally for a study of 
the tobacco soils of the State. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alluvial soil — corn, export tobacco (4 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soils 3202, 3210, subsoils 3203, 3211, Graves County; soils 2961, 2963, subsoils 
2962", 2964*, Nicholas County. Collected by agents of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 
Clay, pottery (1 sample). 

1972* (crude ball clay). Graves County. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. 
Coal measures — wheat, corn, grass (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1059, subsoil 1060, Boyd County. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment 
Station. 
Corn land (80 soils, 92 subsoils). 

/S'ee Alluvial soil, coal measures. Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group, Trenton 
limestone, Post-Tertiary, Upper Silurian. 
Devonian black slate — glades (8 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 1094, subsoil 1095, Montgomery County. Collected by the Kentucky Experi- 
ment Station. 
Soils 3467*, 3468*, 3469*, 3470*, 3472*, 3473', 3474', subsoil 3471*, Madison 
County. S. C. Mason, collector. 
Grass land (63 soils, 75 subsoils). 

See Coal measures, Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group, Trenton limestone, 
Upper Silurian. 
Limestone (61 soils, 73 subsoils). 

Carboniferous — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (9 soils, 11 subsoils). 

Soil 1104, subsoil 1105*, Hopkins County. Collected by the Kentucky 

Experiment Station. 
Soils 3220, 3222, 3224, 3226, 3229, 3231, 3233, 3235, subsoils 3221, 3223, 3225*, 
3227*, 3228, 3230, 3232*, 3234, 3236, 3237, Henderson County. Collected by 
agents of, the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical analyses 1105, 3225, 3227, 3232, published in Bulletin No. 11, 
Division of Soils, pages 4.5-47. 
Keokuk (Lower Subcarboniferous) — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (1 soil, 
1 subsoil.) 
Soil 1378, subsoil 1379*, Allen County. Collected by the Kentucky Experi- 
ment Station. 



40 SAMPLES FROM KENTUCKY. 

Limestone (fil soils, 73 subsoils) — Continued. 

Keokuk (Lower Subrarbouiferous) — export lob.iceo, grass, wheat, eorn (1 soil, 
1 subsoil) — Continued. 

Mechanical analysis 1379 i)ublishod in l?ulletin Xo. 11, Division of Soils, 
page 4(5. 
St. Louis group of the Subcarboniferous (" rich barrens'') — export tobacco, 
grass, wheat, corn (25 soils, 30 subsoils). 
Soils 1098, 3158% 3160, 3162, 3164, 3166, 3168, 3170, 3172, 3174, 3176, 3178, 3180, 
3182, subsoils 1099*, 3159 % 3161, 3163, 3165, 3167, 3169*, 3171% 3173, 3175, 3177, 
3179, 3181, 3183, 3994, Christian County ; soils 3142, 3144, subsoils 3143, 
3145, Logan County; soil 3140, subsoil 3141, Simpson County; soils 1430, 
3122, 3124, 3127, 3129, 3131, 3133, 3135*, subsoils 1431% 3123, 3125, 3126, 
3128% 3130, 3132, 3134% 3136% 3137*, 3138*, 3139% Warren County. Col- 
lected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical analyses 1431, 3128, 3134, 3135, 3136, 3137, 3138, 3139, 3158, 3159, 
3169, 3171, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 44-47. 
iMechauical analysis 1099, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, 
l)age 22; also in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 10. 
Trenton and Hudson Kiver limestone (Lower Silurian-Blue-grass region) — grass, 
wheat, corn. White Burley tobacco (26 soils, 31 subsoils). 
Soils 3072% 3074, 3076, 3080*, subsoils 3073*, 3075, 3077*, Bracken County; 
soils 1848, 1850, 1852, subsoils 1849*, 1851% 1853*, Clark County; soils 
1990, 2579, 2582, 2584, 2587, subsoils 1927*, 1991*, 2580*, 2581*, 2583*, 2585*, 
2586*, 2588% 2589*, Fayette County; soil 3066, subsoil 3067, Fleming 
County; soils 2956, 2958, 3068, 3070*, 3078, subsoils 2957*, 2959*, 2960*, 
3069*, 3071*, 3079, Mason County. Collected by agents of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 
Soils 130% 277*, 285, 295% 1017, 1102, 1604, subsoils 287*, 296*, 297*, 298*, 
1018*, 1103, 1702*, 1933, Fayette County; soil 1100, subsoil 1101% Mont- 
gomery County. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment Station. 
Mechanical analyses 287, 1101, 1702, 1849, 1851, 1853, 1927, 2580, 2581, 2583, 
2585, 2586, 2588, 2589, 3069, 3070, 3071, 3072, 3073^ 3077, 3080, 2957, 2959, 2960, 
published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 44-45. Mechanical 
analysis 287, published in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 10; also 
in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 22. 
Post-Tertiary — export tobacco, wheat, corn (13 soils, 13 subsoils). 

Soils 3190, 3192, 3191, subsoils 3191, 3193, 3195, Calloway County; soils 3198, 3200, 
3204, 3206, 3208, 3312, 3214, 3216, 3218, subsoils 3199, 3201, 3205, 3207, 3209*, 3213, 
3215*, 3217*, 3219, Graves Ccmnty ; soil 3196, subsoil 3197% McCracken County. 
Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical analyses 3197, 3209, 3215, 3217, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division 
of Soils, ])age8 46 and 47. 
Silurian, Upper —wheat, corn, grass (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1096, subsoil 1097, Montgomery County. Collected by the JCentucky Experi- 
ment Station. 
Tobacco land (78 soils, 90 subsoils). 
Export (52 soils, 59 subsoils). 

See Alluvial soil, Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group. Post-Tertiary. 
White Burley (26 soils, 31 subsoils). 
See Trentcm limestone. 
Waverly sandstone (Lower Subcarboniferous — "white-oak land") (1 soil. 1 subsoil). 
Soil 1294, subsoil 129.5, Lewis Couuty. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment 
Station. 
Wheat land (74 soils, 86 subsoils). 

See Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group, Trenton limestone, I'ost- Pertiary. 



SAMPLES FROM LOUISIANA. 41 

LOUISIANA. 
(286 samples.) 

The samples from Louisiana were collected and sent in by Prof. W. 
W. Olendenin, of the Louisiana geological survey, and Dr. W. C. Stubbs, 
director of the Louisiana experiment station. The mechanical analyses 
were made in the Division of Soils, by Mr. E. S. Matthews, for the 
Louisiana geological survey. 

[Mechanical aualvsr- have been made of samiiles marked (*)]. 

Acadia clays (2 soils). 

Soils 1454, 1455, Ouachita Parish. 
Alluvial soil — sugar cane, cotton, corn (32 soils, 7 subsoils). 
Mississippi alluvium (23 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soils 2487*, 2490*, 2491*, 2492*,' 2493*, Ascension Parish; soils 1499*, 1500*, 
2529*, 2530*, 2536*, 2537*, 2538*, 2539*, 2540*, 2541*, 3962*, Audubon Park; 
soils 2531*, 2532*, 2533*, 2534*, 2535*, East Carroll Parish; soils 2422*, 
2424*, subsoils 2423*, 2425, Poiute Coupee Parish. 
Red River alluvium (9 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soil 2359*, subsoil 2360*, Avoyelles Parish; soil 1443, subsoil 1444*, Natchi- 
toches Parish; soils 2357*, 2504% 2505*, 2506*, subsoil 2358*, Rapides Par- 
ish; soil 2503*, St. Landry Parish; soils 1505, 1507, subsoils 1506*, 1508*, 
localities unknown. 
Bluft' land — cotton, sugar cane, corn (22 soils, 19 subsoils). 

Soils 2517*, 2519* ("crayfish land"), 2420", subsoils 2518*, 2520* ("crayfish 
laud"), 2421, East Baton Rouge Parish; soils 2399% 2401, 2403, 2405, 2407, 2409, 
2411, 2413*, 2415% 2417*, 2470, 2472*, 2486*, 2526*. subsoils 2400*, 2402*, 2404, 
2406, 2408*, 2419*, 2471, 2473*, East Feliciana Parish; soils 2465, 2469, subsoil 
2466, Lafayette Parish; subsoil 2500*, St. Martins Parish; soils 2397*, 2474*, 
subsoil 2398%St. Landry Parish; subsoils 2410, 2412*, 2414*, 2416% 2418*, West 
Feliciana Parish ; soil 2494, locality unknown. 
Corn land (94 soils, 63 subsoils). 

See Alluvial soil, bluff land, prairies. ' 
Cottou land (117 soils, 74 subsoils). 

See Alluvial soil, bluff laud, Lafayette, long-leaf pine hills, prairies. 
Cretaceous *(1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1449, subsoil 1450*, Winn Parish. 
Drift (4 soils). 

Soils 1441, 1442, Natchitoches Parish ; soils 1445, 1453, Ouachita Parish. 
Hammock (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 2437, subsoil 2438*, Calcasieu Parish. 
Lafayette (orange sands) — cotton (5 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 1462*, subsoil 1463*, Homer, Claiborne Parish; soil 1460, subsoil 1461*, 
Hughes Spur, Bossier Parish; soils 1451, 1452, subsoil 1446, Ouachita Parish; 
soil 1458*, Webster Parish. 
Long-leaf pine flats (4 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soils 2439, 2441, subsoils 2440*, 2442*, Calcasieu Parish; soil 2521*, St. Tam- 
many Parish; soil 2522*, Washington Parish. 
Long-leaf pine hills — cotton (18 soil, 8 subsoils). 

Soils 2436, 2445, subsoil 2446, Calcasieu Parish; soil 2351*, subsoil 2352, Natchi- 
toches Parish; soils 2343*, 2353*, 23.55*, subsoils 2344*, 2354*, 23.56*, Rapides 
Parish; soils 2341*, 2342*, 2361*, 2364*, St. Landry Parish; soil 2527* {" dead 
land"), 2528* ("good laud"), Tangipahoa Parish; soil 2523*, Teusas Parish; 
soils 2345*, 2347* ("hogwallow land"), 2349*, subsoils 2346, 2348* ("hogwal- 
low land"), 2350% Vernon Parish; soils 2.524*, 2525 % Washington Parish. 



42 SAMPLES PROM MARYLAND. 

Prairies — sugar cane, cottou, rice, corn (10 soils, oT subsoils). 
Black ])rairio (''buckshot land") (9 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soils 2496% 2501 ■, 8ul>soil 2428, Iberia Parish; soils 2463, 2467, subsoils 2464, 
2468, Lafayette Parish; soil 2453, subsoil 2454, St. Landry Parish; soils 
2475, 2498*, 2499*, St. Martin Parish; soil 2497% subsoil 2495, between 
Bayous Tortu and Teche. 
Calcasieu (3 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 2381, 2383, 2385, subsoils 2382, 2384, 2386, Calcasieu Parish. 
Faquataique (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 2393, subsoil 2394, St. Laudry Parish. 
Pine Prairie (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 2365% subsoil 2366% St. Landry Parish. 
Plaquemino (3 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 2373, 2375, subsoils 2374, 2376, Acadia Parish; soil 2395, subsoil 2396, 
St. Landry Parish. 
Prairie Marmou (4 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soils 2367', 2369% ("Hat rice lands"), 2391, 2451, subsoils 2368*, 2370% 
("flat rice lands"), 2392, 2452, St. Landry Parish. ' 
Prairie Swallow (3 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 2387, 2389, 2449, subsoils 2388, 2390, 2450, Calcasieu Parish. 
Miscellantions (16 soils, 17 subsoils). 

Soils 2377, 2379, 2455, 2457, subsoils 2378, 2380, 2456, 2458, Acadia Parish; soils 
2426*, 2429, 2432, 2434, 2447, subsoils 2427*, 2430, 2431, 2433, 2435, 2448, Cal- 
casieu Parish ; soils 1447, 2477, 2479*, subsoils 1448, 2478, 2480*, 2481*, Iberia 
Parish ; soil 2461, subsoil 2462, Lafayette Parish ; soil 2485, Orleans Parish ; 
soil 2459, subsoils 2460, 2502*, St. Landry Parisli; soil 2476, St. Martin 
Parish. 
Rice land (40 soils, 37 subsoils). 

See Prairie. 
Sugar-cane laud (94 soils, 63 subsoils). 

See Alluvial soil, bluff land, prairie. 
Tobacco land (6 soils, 6 subsoils). 
Cigarette (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 752*, subsoil 765, Ouachita Parish. 
Perique tobacco, sugar cane (5 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soils 2928*, 2930*, subsoils 2929*, 2931*, St. Charles Parish ; soil 2922*, subsoil 
2923*, St. Jain'es Parish; soils 2924% 2926*, subsoils 2925*, 2927*, St. .Johns 
Parisli. 
Unclassilied (11 soils, 6 subsoils). 

Soil 2371*, subsoil 2372%, Acadia Parish ; soil 2443, subsoil 2444, Calcasieu Parish; 
soils 1,501, 1503, subsoils 1.50J*, 1504, IJapides Parisli ; soils 2488*, 2189*, Ouachita 
Parish; soil 1456, subsoil 1457, Hughes Spur, Bo.ssier Parish ; soil 2363*, subsoil 
2362*, St. Landry I'arish ; soils 2482, 2483, 2484, Jeffersons Island. 

MAKYLAXl). 

(1,023 samijliis.) 

The samples from Maryland were collected by agents of this Depart 
meut and the Maryland E.xperiment Station. 

Maryland is divided into three great physiographic divisions. The 
coastal jjlains, forming southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, are 
composed of unconsolidated materials. The principal formations are 
the Chesai)eake, wliich forms the heaviest and best wheat lands; the 
Lower Columbia, which forms very fertile terraces along the Potomac 
Kiver; the Upper Columbia, whicli constitutes the very valuable truck 



SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 43 

lands along the Chesapeake Bay; the Eocene, which is used both for 
trnck and small fruits; the Lafayette, which covers the high lands and 
forms extensive pine barrens in southern Maryland; and the Potomac 
formation, which adjoins the Piedmont Plateau. The Potomac forma- 
tion is characterized by a great variation in the texture of the soils, 
ranging from coarse sands to variegated clays almost impervious to 
water. The wheat and tobacco lands of the Chesapeake formation are 
interesting, as they are derived from the diatomaceous earth. These 
beds are of great thickness, but where they are exposed to the weather 
the loose white material (piickly breaks down into a light yellow clay. 
The soils and subsoils of these tobacco and wheat lands, as a rule, show 
many diatoms still in perfect form. 

These formations all occur on the Eastern Shore, but at the present 
time the geological correlation has not been worked out in sufiBcieiit 
detail for a basis for the classification of the soils. 

The Piedmont Plateau, forming central Maryland, consists princi- 
pally of the following formations : The larger part of the area is derived 
from gneiss or phillite (hydromica-schist). Gabbro and gneiss occur in 
smaller areas. The soils of all these areas are strong chiy lands, well 
adapted to wheat, grass, corn, to all lines of general farming, and to 
dairy interests. Serpentine occurs in small areas, forming bare and 
unproductive hills. Quartzite forms two or three ridges which have at 
present no agricultural value. A few small valleys of fertile limestone 
soils exist also in this area. 

The mountain region west of the Piedmont Plateau is made up of 
limestones, sandstones, and shales. The principal formations are the 
Trenton limestone, forming the fertile valleys around Hagerstown and 
Frederick, which may be considered the highest types of lands for gen- 
eral agricultural purposes; the Triassic red sandstone; the Catskill and 
Helderberg, which cover large areas adapted to general farming and 
the heavier agricultural crops; the Hamilton-Chemung forms extensive 
valleys, giving moderately good pasturage for stock. The remaining 
formations are mainly mountainous or in such small areas as to be 
unimportant from an agricultural standpoint. 

The general character of these different types of soils has been worked 
out and described in Bulletin No. 4, of the United States Weather 
Bureau, and in several of the reports of the Maryland Experiment 
Station. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked ('). Chemical analyses 
have been made of samples marked ('^).] 

Alluvial soil — corn, wheat (3 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soils 3486, 3594, 3596; subsoils 3595,^ 3597,* Allegany County. 
Cambrian sandstone — mountain peach belt (9 soils, 10 subsoils). 

Soils 938, 940, 942, 944, 2743, 3890, 3892, 3894, 3915, subsoils 939*, 941*, 943*, 945*, 

946* 2744*, 3891, 3893, 3895, 3916, Washington County. 
Mechanical analyses, 939, 941, 943, 945, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland 
Experiment Station, page 172. 



44 SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 

Catoctin granite and schist (10 soils, 12 subsoils). 

Grauito (7 soils, i) subsoils). 

Soils 241, 241, subsoils 242*, 243, Freacrick County; soils 389(i, 3902, 3904, 
3909, 3912, subsoils 3897, 3903, 3905, 3906, 3910, 3911, 3913, Washington 
County. 

Schist (3 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 3898, 3900, 3907, subsoils 3899, 3901, 3908, Washington County. 
Catskill red sandstone — grass, wheat, corn (20 soils, 25 subsoils). 

Soils 238% 896, 3521% subsoils, 897*, 898*, 899*, 900*, 902% 903% 3522*, Allegany 
County; soils 2170*, 2172*, 2174*, 2176% 2178*, 2180*, 3523*, 3525, 3527, 3530, 
3532, 3534*, 3714, 3716, 3718, 3720, 3722, subsoils 2171*, 2173*, 2175*, 2177*, 2179*, 
2181*, 3524*, 3526*, 3528*, 3529, 3531*, 3533*, 3535*, 3715, 3717, 3719, 3721, 
Garrett County; subsoil 904*, Washington County. 

Mechanical analysis 238, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland 

Experiment Station, l>ago 290; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, ])age 

73. ]\Iechanical analyses 238, 897, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland 

Experiniemt Station, jjago 51. 

Chesapeake, Miocene — corn, wheat, and tobacco land of southern Maryland (31 soils, 

63 subsoils). 

Soils 140, 178, 251, 253, 255, 598, 1120, 1122, subsoils 141*, 142*, 143, 179*, 245*°, 
246*, 247* o, 248*, 252*, 254, 250, 480*, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603 % 604*, 605*, 606, 607, 
608*, 609*, 610, 1121, 1123, 2162*, 2794*, 2795*, Anne Arundel Courty ; soils 249, 
261, 265, 3805, 3809, subsoils 180*, 181 ("diatomaceous earth"), 182, 250*, 262", 
266*, 3806, 3810, Calvert County; soils 183, subsoils 184*. 185 ("diatomaceous 
earth"), Charles County; soils 154, 161, 163, 257, 259 (Columbia, river terrace), 
263, 318, 320, 2144, 2146, 2148, 21.50, 21.52, 2154, 2156, 2158, 2160, subsoils 152 
("diatomaceous earth"), 155% 156, 158*, 159*, 160, 162*, 164*, 258* •, 260* (Colum- 
bia), 264 (Columbia), 280*, 286*, 319, 321, 2145*, 2147*, 2149, 2151*, 2153*, 2155*, 
2157*, 2159*, 2161*, Priuee George County. 

Mechanical analyses 280, 286, i>ublished in Fourth Annual Report of the Mary- 
land Experiment Station, page 277; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, 
page 73. Mechanical analyses 159, 480, 603, 605, 608, 609, published in Bnlletiu 
No. 29, Maryland Experiment Station, pages 160, 174, Mechanical analyses 
141, 142, 155, 162, 164, 179, 180, 184, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 252, 258, 260, 262, 266, 480, 
published in Bulletin 21, Maryland Experiment Station, pages 34,44-48; iu 
Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, pages 64-66,69; also iu World's Fair Book 
of Maryland, pages 188, 201-203. Mechanical analysis 141, published in Bulle- 
tin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 10. Mechanical analyses 155, 258, published 
in Princ'ijtlesaud Practice of Agricultural Analysis, V(d. 1, No. 6, 1894, page 249. 

Chemical analyses 245, 247, 258, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experi- 
ment Station, page 12. 
Clay — pottery, brick, and tile (10 samples). 

483 (pottery clay), 592*°, 799 (brick clay), 800 (brick clay), 2184* (pottery clay), 
2235, 2236, Anno Arundel County; 303* (stoneware clay), 304* (porous tile), 
305*, Baltimore County. 

Mechanical analyses 303, 304, 305, 592, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland 
Experiment Station, page 55; also iu Bulletin No. 4, AVeather Bureau, page 71. 
Mechanical analysis 303, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 
12. Mechanical analyses 303, 304, 305, published in Rocks, Rock Weathering, 
and Soils, page 313. 

Chemical analysis 592, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment 
Station, page 12. 
Clinton — Niagara (9 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soils 239, 240 (mountain pasture), 3482% 3484, 3487, 3702*, 3703, 3704, 3706, sub- 
soils 3483% 3485*, 3488 ^ 3705*, Allegany County. 



SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 45 

Columbia, Lower, river terrace — corn, wheat, and tobacco land. (10 soils, 14 subsoils). 

Subsoil 2659*, Anue Arundel County; soil 3815, subsoil 3816, Calvert County; 
soils 206, 3786, subsoils 207, 208, 3787, 3788, Cbarles County; soils 198, 200, 202, 
204, 3792, 3798, 3800, subsoils 199", 201*^\ 203% 205*. 278^, 3793, 3799, 3801, 
St. Mary County. 

Mechanical, analysis 278, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland 
Experiment Station, page 277. Mechanical analyses 199, 201, 203, 205, pub- 
lished in Bulletin Ko. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 49; also in 
World's Fair Book of Maryland, page 205; and in Bulletin No. 4, Weather 
Bureau, page 68. 

Chemical analysis 201, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- 
tion, page 12. 
Corn land (192 soils, 268 subsoils). 

See Alluvial soil, Catskill, Chesapeake, Columbia, gabbro, gneiss, Hudson River 
shale, Trenton limestone, phillite, Triassic. 
Eocene (6 soils, 9 subsoils, 9 samples of marl). 

See Truck land, marls. 
Gabbro — wheat, grass, corn (18 soils, 23 subsoils). 

Soil 131, subsoils 132*, 133*, Baltimore County; soils 1024, 1027, 1029, 1031, 1033, 
1241, 1243, 2968, 2970, 2972, 2974, 2976, 2978, 2980, 2982, 2984, 2986, subsoils 1025*°, 
1026*, 1028*, 1030*, 1032*, 1034*, 1035*, 1242*, 1244*, 1928*, 2969, 2971*, 2973*, 
2975*, 2977*, 2979*, 2981, 2983, 2985, 2987, 2991, Harford County. 

Mechanical analyses 133, 1034, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment 
Station, page 50. Mechanical analysis 1034, published in Rocks, Rock AVeath- 
ering, and Soils, page 308. 

Chemical analysis 1025, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- 
tion, page 12. 
Gneiss and granite — corn, wheat, grass (26 soils, 34 subsoils). 

Soil 128, subsoils 129, 2306, Baltimore County ; soils 1036, 1041, 1043, 1046, 1245, 
1249, 1251, 1255, 1257, 1259, 2988, 2990, 2992, 2994, 2996, 2998, 3000, 3002, 3004, 3006, 
3008, 3010, 3012, 3014, 3052, subsoils 1037*, 1038*, 1040, 1042*, 1044*, 1045*°, 1047*, 
1048", 1049*, 1246*, 1248*, 1253*, 1256*, 1258*, 2989, 2993, 2995, 2997*, 2999, 3001, 
3003, 3005, 3007, 3009, 3011, 3013*, 3015, 3053, 3958*, Harford County ; subsoils 
3817*, 3818*, 3993, Montgomery County. 

Mechanical analysis 1045, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment 
Station, page 50; in Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, page 308; and in 
Agricultural Science, Vol. YIII, Nos. 6-9, 1894, Mechanical analyses 1038, 
1045, 1047, 1246, 1258, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Sta- 
tion, page 172. 

Chemical analysis 1045, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- 
tion, page 12. 
Granite. 

See Gneiss, catoctin. 
Grass land (147 soils, 183 subsoils). 

See Catskill, gabbro, gneiss, Helderberg limestone, Trenton limestone, phillite, 
Triassic, 
Greenhouse soil — carnations, roses (2 samples). 

Soil 2249, Baltimore; soil 2234, Oakland. 
Hamilton — Chemung (20 soils, 16 subsoils). 

Soils 234, 235, 236, 237, 3502*, 3504*, 3506, 3508*, 3510*, 3711, subsoils 289*, 3503*, 
3505*, 3507*, 3509*, 3511*, Allegany County; soils 3512, 3514*, 3517, 3519,3712, 
subsoils 3513*, 3515*, 3516*, 3518*, 3520, 3713, Garrett County, ''Glades"; soils 
893, 894, 905, 907, 909, subsoils 895, 906, 908, 910, Washington County, 

Mechanical analysis 289, ]»nblished in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland 
Experiment Station, page 290; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 
73. 



46 SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 

Hudson River sliale (Martinsburg) — com, whoat, fruit (13 soils, V2 subsoils). 

Soils 912, 9U, 916, 918, 27(52, 2764, 2766, 2768, 2784, 2785% 3882, 3884, 3886, sub- 
soils 913% 915% 917% 919% 2763% 2765% 2767% 2769% 3881. 3883, 3885, 3887, 
Washington County. 
Lafayette — pine barrens (7 soils, 8 subsoils). 

Soils 3802, 3804, 3807, subsoils 210, 276% 3803, 3808, Calvert County; soils 2681, 
2717, subsoils 2682% 2718*, Garrett County; soils 3794, 3796, subsoils 3795, 
3797, St. Mary County. 
Samples 2681, 2682, 2717, 2718, represent a fair type of corn land. The other 
samples are from the coarse sands and gravel forming the i)ine barrens of 
southern Maryland. 
Mechanical analysis 276, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland 
Experiment Station, pai;e 277; in IJuUetin No. 21, Maryland Exjieriment Sta- 
tion, page 36; and in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73. 
Limestone (54 soils, GO subsoils). 

Helderberg — grass^ wheat (12 soils, 9 subsoils). 

Soils 3489, 3491% 3493% 3494, 3707% 3708, subsoils 3490% 3492% 3495, 3709% 
Allegany County; soils 220*, 221% 222, 225, 888, 890, subsoils 223*, 224% 
288*", 889% 891*, Washington County. 
Mechanical analysis 288, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Mary- 
land Experiment Station, page 290; in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, 
page 73; and in Principles ayd Practice of Agricultural Analysis, Vol. 1, 
No. 6, 1894, page 249. 
Chemical analysis 288, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment 
Station, page 12. 
Trenton limestone (Shenandoah) — corn, wheat, grass (42 soils, 51 subsoils). 
Soils 137, 138, subsoils 139, Baltimore County ; soils 1085, 1087, subsoils 1086 
1088% Carroll County; soils 172, 314, 316, 930, subsoils 173% 174*, 231 
315, 317, 931% Frederick County; soils 312, 923, 925, 927, 928, 932, 2727 
2729*, 2731, 2733*, 2735*, 2737*, 2739, 2741*, 2745, 2747*, 2749*, 2750*, 2752 
2754*, 2756, 2758*, 2760, 2770*, 2772*, 2774*, 2776*, 2778, 2780, 2782, 2786 
2788*, 3888, 3917, sul)Soils 313, 921*, 922*, 924% 926*, 929% 933*°, 934*, 935 
936*, 937*, 2728*, 2730*, 2732*, 2734*, 2736*, 2738*, 2740*, 2742*, 2746*, 2748 
2751*, 2753, 2755*, 2757*, 2759*, 2761*, 2771*, 2773*, 2775*, 2777*, 2779, 
2781, 2783, 2787, 2789*, 2790*, 2791*, 2792*, 3889, 3914, 3918, Washington 
County. 
Mechanical analyses 173, 174, 231, 933, published in Bulletin No. 21, Mary- 
laud Experiment Station, page 53. Mechanical analyses 173, 924, 926, 929, 
933, 934, 935, 937, 1086, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experi- 
ment Station, page 169. Mechanical analysis 937, published in Bulletin 
No. 5, Division of Soils, page 10. Mechanical analysis 173, published in 
Report of Pennsylvania State College, 1894, Part 11, page 144. Mechani- 
cal analyses 173, 933, published in Rocks, Rock Weathering and Soils, 
page 308, 
Chemical analysis 933, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment 
Station, page 12. 
Lower coal measures (18 soils, 17 subsoils). 
Bayard (6 soils, 8 subsoils). 

Soils 3566, 3567, 3570, 3572, 3574, 3726, subsoils 3568, 3569, 3571, 3573% 3575, 
3727, 3728, 2729, Garrett County. 
Fairfax (6 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soils 3576*, 3577, Allegany County; soils 3579, 3581, 3583, 3730, subsoils, 
3578, 3580, 3582, 3584, 3731, Garrett County. 
Savage (6 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soil 3725, Allegany County; soils 3557*, 3559, 3560, 3562, 3561, subsoils 3558, 
3561, 3563, 3565, Garrett County. 



SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 47 

Marls (18 samples). 
Cretaceous. 

211, 213, Priuce George County. 
Eocene. 

150 (glauconite), Anne Arundel County; 193 (glauconite), Calvert County; 
191 (glauconite), 196, 197, 3789, 3790, Charles County; 2U, 274, Prince 
George Couuty. 
Miocene, 

151, Anne Arundel County; 186, 188, 189, 190, 192, Calvert Couuty; 191, St. 
Mary County. 
Medina sandstone (3 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 3480, 3700*, 3701, subsoil 3481*, Allegany County. 
Oriskany sandstone (4 soils, 8 subsoils). 

Soils 3496% 3498, 3500, 3710% subsoils 226, 228, 290*, 3497% 3499*, 3501*, Alle- 
gany County; subsoils 227, 892, Washington County. 
Mechanical analysis 290, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland 
Experiment Station, page 290; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73. 
Phillite — corn, wheat, grass (24 soils, 31 subsoils). 

Soils 950, 1089, 1091, subsoils 951*, 952*, 953*, 954*, 955*, 956*, 957*, 958*, 1090*, 
1092*, 1093*, Carroll County ; soils 3016, 3018, 3020, 3022, 3024, 3026, 3028, 3038, 
3040, 3042, 3044, 3046, 3048, 3050, 3059, 3061, subsoils 2725* (residuary slate), 3017*, 
3019*, 3021*, 3023, 3025*, 3027, 3029*, 3039*. 3041, 3043*, 304.5, 3047% 3049, 3051, 
3060,3062, Harford County; soils 215, 217, 219*, 2303, 2305, subsoils 216*, 218*, 
2304, Montgomery County. 
Potomac (7 soils, 6 subsoils). 

Soils 2648, 2654, 2656, 2660, 2662, subsoils 2649*, 26.55*, 2657*, 2661*, 2663*, Anne 

Arundel County; soils 2705, 2707, subsoil 2706*, Priuce George County. 
The Potomac formation iu Maryland is characterized by a great variation in 
texture, ranging from coarse sands to variegated clays, almost impervious to 
water. The samples above are of very infertile agricultural lauds. For other 
samples from this formation see the special collection of pottery clays. 
Pottsville (5 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 3724*, Allegany County ; soils 3550, 3552, 3554, 3556, subsoils 3551, 3553, 3555, 
Garrett County. 
Quartzite — sandy chestuut ridge (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 135, subsoil 136, Baltimore County. 
Salina sandstone (1 soil). 

Soil 233, Washington County. 
Serpentine — bare hills (5 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soil 3873, subsoil 134, Baltimore Couuty ; soils 3030, 3032, 3034, 3036, subsoils 3031*, 
3033*, 3035, 3037*, Harford County. 
Subcarboniferous (9 soils, 6 subsoils). 
Greenbrier (3 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 3541, 3542, 3544*, subsoils 3543*, 3545*, 3546*, Garrett County, 
Mauch Chunk (3 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soils 3.549, 3723*, Allegany County; soil 3547, subsoil 3548*, Garrett County, 
Pocono sandstone (3 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 3536, subsoil 3537% Allegany County; soils 3.538*, 3539*, subsoil 3540*, 
Garrett County. 
Tobacco land — manufacturing type (41 soils, 77 subsoils). 

iS'ee Chesapeake, Columbia. 
Triassic red sandstone — corn, wheat, grass (5 soils, 10 subsoils). 

Subsoil 3957% Carroll County; soils 175, 947, 1079, 1081, 1083, subsoils 176% 177*, 

282*, 948*, 949*o, 1080*, 1082*, 1084*, 3063, Frederick County. 
Mechanical analysis 282, published iu Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland 
Experiment Station, page 290; in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73; 
and in Rocks, Kock Weathering, and Soils, page 308; and in Priuciples and 



48 SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 

Triassic red sandstone — corn, wheat, grass (."> soils. 10 subsoils) — Continued. 

Practice of Agricultural Analyses, Vol. 1, No. G, 1894, page 219. Mechawical 
analyses 282, 949, puUlished in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Exi>eriment .Station, 
page 51. 
Chemical analysis 949 published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- 
tion, page 12. 
Truck land (81 soils, 94 subsoils). 

Eastern Shore — mainly Columbia (30 soils, 35 subsoils). 

Soils 1218, 1222, 1239, subsoils 1219^ 1223% 1240*, 1989% Caroline County; 
soils 1183, 1185, 1224, 1227, 1229, 1231, 12.33, 1235, 1237, 1296, 1298,2549, sub- 
soils 1184, 118i;% 1225% 1228% 1230% 1232% 1234% 1236% 1238% 1297% 1299% 
1301% 2.-)50, Dorchester County ; soils 7, 281, 1187, 1189, 1191, 1193, 1195, 1197, 
1202, 1206, 1208, 1210, 1212, 1214, 1216, subsoils 17% 283, 1188% 1190% 1192% 
1194, 1196, 1198% 1203, 1204, 1205, 1207% 1209% 1211, 1213% 1215% 1217% 
2806% Wicomico County. 
Mechanical analyses of the above samples, as indicated by the *, with the 
exception of 17, 1301, 1989, 2806, were published in Bulletin No. 29, Mary- 
land Experiment Station, page 165. Mechanical analysis 1209, published 
in Bulletin No. 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174. 
Mechanical analysis 1207, xiublished in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, 
page 16. Mechanical analyses 1186, 1188, 1190,1192,1198,1207,1209,1213, 
121.5, 1217, 1219, 1223, 1225, 1228, 1230, 1232, 1234, 1236, 1238, 1240, 1297, 1299, 
published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, jiages 140,141. 
Southern Maryland — mainly Columbia (51 soils, .59 subsoils). 

Soils 4, 144, 147, 267, 269, 466, 468,470, 475, 477,479, 560, 562, 564, 566, 568, 570< 
572, 574, 576, 578, 580, 582, 584, 586, 588, 5891% 593 (Eocene), 595, 596, 804, 806, 
808, 810, 812, 816, 818, 2015, 2119, 2187, 2650, 2652, 2658, subsoils 145% 146' 
148 (Eocene), 268% 270% 284% 467*°, 469% 471% 472*°, 473*, 474, 476% 478% 
481,561*, 563% 565% 567% 569% 571% 573*, 575% 577% 579*, 581% 583% 585% 
587*, 589*-, 590*, 591*, 594 (Eocene), 597 (Eocene), 805, 807, 809, 811, 813, 815*, 
817, 2118*, 2120*, 2188% 2189% 2190*, 2651*, 2653% Anne Arundel County; 
soils 3811, 3813, subsoils 209** (Laftxyette), 3812, 3814, Calvert County ; soils 
165 (Eocene), 167 (Eocene), 170 (Eocene), 271 (Eocene), 273, 2693 (Eocene), 
subsoils 157 (Chesapeake), 166 (Eocene), 168 (Eocene), 169 (Eocene), 171 
(Eocene), 272, 444 (Eocene), 2694 (Eocene), Prince George County. 
Samples 804-817 and some of the other samples under this head possibly 

belong to the sandy phase of the Potomac (Lower Cretaceous). 
Mechanical analysis 284, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Mary- 
land Experiment Station, page 277 ; also in Bulletin No. 4, ^Veathe^ I'lureau, 
page 73. Mechanical analyses 467,469, 471, 472,473,478,561, 563,565,567, 
569, 571, 575, 577, 583, 585, 587, 589, 590, 591, published in Bulletin No. 21, 
Maryland Experiment Station, pages 40-42 ; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather 
Bureau, pages 56-61,69. Mechanical analyses 145, 268, 270, 467, 476, 573, 
579, 581, published in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, pages 56-61. Mechan- 
ical analyses 467, 469, 471,472,473,478, 590,591, published in World's Fair 
Book of Maryland, pages 188-208. Mechanical analyses 145,209,168,270, 
467, 469, 471, 472, 473, 476, 561, 563, 565. 567, 569, 571, 573, 575, 577, 579, 581, 583, 
585, 587, .589, 589 .V, 590, 591, 815, published in Yearbook, Department of Agri- 
culture, 1894, pages 139-140. Mechanical analysis 472 published in Bulle- 
tin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 10. Mechanical analysis 209 publislud 
in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 36. Mechanical 
analyses 467, 472, 478, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland ICxperinient 
Station, page 160. Mechanical .analyses 268, 472, imblished in Principles 
and Practice of Agricultural Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1891, page 249. Mechan- 
ical analysis 815, published iu Bulletin No. 129, North Carolina Experiment 
Station, 1896, page 174. 



SAMPLES FROM MASSACHUSETTS. 49 

Truck laud (81 soils, 91 subsoils) — Continued. 

Chemical aualysis 209, published in Bulletin No. 21, ^Maryland Experiment Sta- 
tion, page 12. Chemical analyses 467, 473>, published in Bulletin No. 21, Mary- 
land Experiment Station, page 12. 
Unclassified (6 soils, 11 subsoils, 9 miscellaneous samples). 

Soil 3592, subsoil 3593, Alleghany County; soil 3862, Anne Arundel County; sub- 
soil 3695, Calvert County; soils 2169'', 3057, subsoils 3051*, 3055, 3056, 3058, Har- 
ford County; soil 2800*, subsoils 2801*, 2802*, Kent County; soil 2796*, subsoils 
2797*, 2798*, 2799*, Worcester County. 
Miscellaneous samples. 

149 (black marsh land), 482, 801 (glass sand, No. 1 grade, from Severn River), 
802 (glass sand, No. 2 grade, from Severn River), 80.3, 3863, Anne Arundel 
County; 1613* (molding sand), Baltimore County; 212* (quicksand), 275, 
Calvert County. 
Upper coal measures (4 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 3585*, 3587, 3589, 3590, subsoils 3586*, 3588*, 3591*, Allegany County. 
Wheat land (253 soils, 327 subsoils). 

Eastern Shore (49 soils, 53 subsoils). 

Soils 1124, 1126, 1128, 1130, 1132, 1134, 1136, 1300, 2543, 2545, 2547, subsoils 
1125*, 1127*, 1129*, 1131, 1133, 1135*, 1137*, 2544, 2546, 2548, 2564, Dorchester 
County; soils 1152,1154,1156, 1220, 1984, 1986, 1988, subsoils 1153*, 1155, 
1157*, 1221*, 1985*, 1987*, Caroline County; soils 766,768,770,772,774,776 
("white oak land")» subsoils 767*, 769*, 771*, 773*, 775*, 777* ("white oak 
land"), Kent County ; soils 1158, 1160, 1162, 1164, 1166, 1168, 1170, 1172, 1174, 
1178, 1180, subsoils 11.59*, 1161*, 1163, 1165*, 1167*, 1169*, 1171*, 1175*, 1181*, 
1182*, 1226*, Queen Anne County; soils 1138,1140,1142,1144,1146.1148, 
1150, 2558, 2560 ("white oak land''), subsoils 1139*, 1141*, 1143*, 1145*, 1147*, 
1149% 1151*, 2559, 2561 ("white oak laud"), 2562 ("white oak laud"), 2503, 
Somerset County ; soils 1176, 2551, 2553, 2555, (" white oak land"), subsoils 
1177*, 1179*, 2.552, 2554, 2556 ("white oak laud"), 2557 ("white oak land"), 
Talbot County; soil 1199, subsoils 1200, 1201, Wicomico County. 
Mechanical analyses 1125, 1127, 1135, 1137, 1141, 1143, 1151, 1159, 1161,1165, 
1167, 1169, 1175, 1177, 1179, 1181, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland 
Experiment Station, page 167. 
For other samples of wheat lands see Alluvial soil, Catskill, Chesapeake, 
Columbia, gabbro, gneiss, Hudson River shale, Helderberg limestone, 
Trenton limestone, phillite, Triassic red sandstone. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
(65 samples.) 

The samples from Massachusetts were obtained from two sources. 
Piirt of the samples were collected by the Massachusetts Experiment 
Station in getting their samples for the Chicago Exposition, and the 
other samples were collected by agents of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of the samples marked (*).] 

Alluvial soil — cranberry bogs and other marshes (5 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soils 1054, 1056, subsoils 1055, 1057, Marshfield; soil 1263, subsoil 1264, Sud- 
bury; soil 1009, subsoil 1010, Yarmouth. Collected by the experiment station. 
Soil 195, subsoil 500, Mount Auburn. Collected by agent of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 
8670— No. 16 4 



50 SAMPLES FROM MEXICO — MICHIGAN. 

Diabase (1 subsoil). 

Subsoil 317. Gcoiye V. Merrill, collector. 
Greenliouso Sdil (10 samples). 
Carnations, roses. 

Soil 221 1, Framiugham. 
Lettuce, cucumbers. 

Soils 2250% 22.58*, Uelmout; soils 15' 03% 1602, 1603, 2242% Boston; soils 
2277, 2278, Winchester; mechanical analysis of a soil similar to No. 15 
published in Agricultural Science, Vol. VIII, Nos. 6-9, 1894. 
Tobacco land (cigar type), (12 soils, 10 subsoils). 

Soils 867% 881, 920% 1013% 1106% 1112, 1114, 1247 (heavy, dark type, not used at 
present for tobacco), 1271, 1934, subsoils 875% 901% 999% 1039% 1113, 1173% 
1230* (heavy, dark type, not used at present for tobacco), 1272, 1273, Hatfield; 
soil 193.5, South i>oerneld; soil 1110, subsoil 1111% Whately. Collected by 
agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical analyses 875, 901, 999, 1039, 1173, 1250, published in Yearbook, 
Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 148. Mechanical analysis 1173, pub- 
lished in Eeport of Pennsylvania State College, 1894, Part II, page 144; also 
in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 18. 
Mechanical analyses 875, 901, 1039, 1111, 1173, published in Bulletin No. 11, 
Division of Soils, page 40. 
Truck land (1 soil, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 501, subsoils 95*, 187*, 508*, Mount Auburn. Collected by agents of the 

United States Department.of Agriculture;. 
Mechanical analyses 95, 187 (greenhouse soil), 508, i)ubli8hed in Yearbook, 
Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 143. Mechanical analysis 508, pub- 
lished in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16. Mechanical analysis 187, 
published in Bulletin No. 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 
174. 
Unclassified (9 soils, 9 subsoils). 

Soils 820, 822, subsoils 821, 823, Agawam; soil 1265, subsoil 1266, Amherst; soil 
970, subsoil 971, Dedham; soil 12G9, subsoil 1270, Deerfield; soil 1261, sub- 
soil 1262, Hadley; soil 1052, subsoil 1053, Ilubbardston; soil 1108, subsoil 
1109, Pittstield; soil 1267, subsoil 1268, Wendall. Collected by the Experi- 
ment Station. 

MEXICO. 

(C samples.) 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Tobacco (cigar type) — sugar, coffee (6 soils). 

Soils 3634*, 3635*, 3636% 3637% 3638% 3639*, Ozumacin, Gaxaca. 

MICHIGAN. 

(5 samples.) 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alluvial soil — celery soil (1 sample). 

Soil 4000, Kalamazoo. 
Greenhouse soil (4 samples). 
Carnations, roses. 

Soil 2217% (irand Haven. 
Lettuce, cucumbers. 

Soils 2233*, 2243*, 2257*, Grand Rapids. 



SAMPLES FKOM MINNESOTA MISSISSIPPI. 51 

MINNKSOTA. 

(26 samples.) 

The samj)les from Minnesota were collected by the State Geological 
ISurvey. 

[Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).] 
Alkali land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). * 

Soil 2301, subsoil 2302, Marshall County. 
Alluvial soil, Tamerse River (prairie) — wheat (8 soils, 6 subsoils). 
Soil 2296, subsoil 2297, Marshall County. 
For additioual samples see Lacustrine. 
Drift — wheat (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 2287, subsoil 2288, Polk County. 
Greenhouse soil — carnations, roses (1 sample). 

. Soil 2240^ St. Paul. 
Lacustrine (old Lake Agassiz, present Red River Valley (prairie) — wheat (7 soil , 
5 subsoils). 

Soil 1495, subsoil 1496, Clay County; soils 2289, 2291, 2293, 2294, 2298, 2.'1I9 
(gumbo), subsoils 2290, 2292, 2295, 2300 (gumbo), Marshall County. 
Prairie (9 soils, 7 subsoils). 

See Alluvial soil, lacustrine, wheat land. 
Wheat land (12 soils, 11 subsoils). 

Soils 1483 (prairie), 1486, subsoils 1484 (prairie), 1485, 1487, Carver County; 
soil 1493, subsoil 1494, Wright County. For other samples of wheat land see 
Alluvial soil of Tamerse River, drift, lacustrine. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

(28 samples.) 

These samples were collected by tlie Mississippi Experiment Station. 

Alkali land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 3919, subsoil 3920, Holmes County. J. W. McLellar, collector. 
Cotton land (7 soils, 7 subsoils). 

See Flatwoods, live-oak land, long-leaf pine region, prairie, short-leaf pine 
upland. 
Corn land (7 soils, 7 subsoils). 

See Flatwoods, live-oak land, long-leaf pine region, prairie, short-leaf pine 
upland. 
Flatwoods region — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1382, subsoil 1383, Oktibbeha County. 
Live-oak land — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1481, subsoil 1482, Jackson County. 
Long-leaf pine region — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1475, subsoil 1476, Jackson County. 
Pontotoc ridge (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1.390, subsoil 1391, Pontotoc County. 
Prairie — cotton, corn (3 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 1477, subsoil 1478, Noxubee County; soils 1384, 1386, subsoils 1385, 1387, 
Oktibbeha County. 
Short-leaf pine upland — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1380, subsoil 1381, Oktibbeha County. 
Unclassified (5 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soil 782, subsoil 783, Harrison County ; soils 701, 780, subsoils 702, 781, Holmes 
County; soil W^9, subsoil 1480 (light bottom land), Marshall County; soil 
1388, subsoil 1389, Newton County. 



52 SAMPLES FIIOM MISSOURI NKBRASKA. 

MISSOUKI. 

(1 sample.) 

[Mechanical analysis has Ixmmi made of sample marked (*).] 

Clay, i)ottery (1 sample). 

1969* (glass pots and lire bricdv), St. Louis. C'oiitrihnted by Prof. Edwin Orton. 

.MONTANA. 

(71 .s.iiiiples.) 

The samples from Montaua were colleeted by agents of the Depart- 
ment ill the inv'estigations of the alkali soils of the Yellowstone Valley, 
published in Bulletin No. 14 of this Division. The samples were all 
eollected within a radius of 15 miles of Billings. (Jeologically they 
belong to the Montana epoch of the Cretaceous; the soils are derived 
from the disintegration of the Pierre shales, forming the bluffs on the 
south side of the valley and extending to a depth of more than 900 
feet under the valley, and from the Fox Hill sandstone bluffs on the 
north side of the valley. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (^).] 

Fox Hill sandstone (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 3756*, subsoil 3755, Yellowstone County. 

Mechanical analysis, 3756, jiublished in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, pai^e 19. 
Pierre shales (2 subsoils). 

Subsoil 3754, 3757, Yellowstone County. 
Prairie (15 soils, 52 subsoils). 

Alkali land (6 soils, 14 subsoils). 

Soils 3305,3357,3360,3361,3758 (gumbo), 3773 (gumbo), subsoils .3306 % 3358, 
3359, 3362, 3363, 3364, 3774 (gumbo), 3775 (gumbo), 3776 (gumbo), 3777 
(gumbo), 3782, 3783, 3784, 3785, Yellowstone County. 
Mechanical analysis 3306, published in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, 
page 19. 
Gumbo (3 soils, 7 subsoils). 

Soil 3769*, subsoils 3770, 3771, 3772, Yellowstone County. 
Mechanical analysis 3769, published in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, 
page 19. 
For additional samples of gumbo, .see under Alkali lands. 
Miscellaneous (8 soils, 35 subsoils). 

Soils 3307% 3314, 3321, 3365, 3370, 3759, 3778, 3781, subsoils 3308*, 3309*, 3310, 
3311, 3312, 3313, 3315, 3316, 3317, 3318, 3319, 3320, 3322*, 3323, 3306, 3367, 3368, 
3369, 3371, 3372, 3373, 3374, 3375, 3376, 3760, 3761, 3762, 3763, 3764, 3765, 3766, 
3767, 3768, 3779, 3780, Yellowstone County. 
Mechanical analysis 3322, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- 
ture, 1897, page 440. Mechanical analyses 3307, 3308, 3309, 3322, published 
in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, page 19. 

NEBRASKA. 

(182 samples.) 

[Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).] 

Fuller's earth (1 sample). 

3239*. Contributed bv Hon. Wm. \'. Allen. 



SAMPLES FROM NEBRASKA. 53 

Prairie (92 soils, 85 subsoils). 

Carboniferous (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 2072, subsoil 2073% Cass County ; soil 2070% subsoil 2071% Otoe County. 
E. H. Barbour, collector. 
Cretaceous (11 soils, 11 subsoils). 

Colorado group (7 soils, 7 subsoils). 

Soil 2104, subsoil 2105% Boone County; soil 2112, subsoil 2113*, Butler 
, County; soil 1491, subsoil 1492*, Cedar County; soil 2092, subsoil 

2093*, Hamilton County; soil 2108, subsoil 2109*, Merrick County; 
soil 2096, subsoil 2097*, Nance County. E. H. Barbour, collector. 
Soil 419, subsoil 420, Deuel County. Collected by agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 
Dakota group (4 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soil 1468, subsoil 1469*, Burt County ; soil 2086, subsoil 2087*, Saline 
County; soil 2074, subsoil 2075*, Saunders County; soil 1470, subsoil 
1471*, Thurston County. E. H. Barbour, collector. 
Loess (9 soils, 17 subsoils). 

Soil 417, subsoil 418*, Adams County; soils 1670*, 1864, 1867, subsoils 1671*, 
1865*, 1866*, 1868*, 1869*, Fillmore County ; soils 388, 390, subsoils 389*, 
391*, Hitchcock County; soil 423, subsoil 424, Lincoln Countj-; soil 3739, 
subsoils 3740, 3741, 3742, Phelps County. Collected by agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 
Soil 1712*, subsoils 1713*, 1714*, 1715*, 1716*, 1717*, Nemaha County. Col- 
lected under the direction of R. W. Furnas. 
Mechanical analyses 1671, 1715, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of 
Soils, page 12. Mechanical analysis 1717, published in Monthly Weather 
Review, January, 1895, page 17; also published in Rocks, Rock Weather- 
ing, and Soils, page 331. 
Magnesia (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1805*, subsoil 1806*, Perkins County. Robert Hay, collector. 
Plains marl (4 soils, 11 subsoils). 

Soils 1800*, 1808% subsoils 1797*, 1801*, 1809*, 2809*, Deuel County; sub- 
soils 1794*, 1795*, Dundy County ; soil 1798*, subsoils 1803*, 1804*, Keitt 
County ; subsoil 1799. Robert Hay, collector. 
Subsoil 414, Deuel County; soil 411, subsoil 412, Keith County. Collected 

by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical analysis 1803, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, 
page 14. 
Tertiary (22 soils, 22 subsoils). 

Soil 1439, subsoil 1440*, Adams County; soil 2084, subsoil 2085*, Blaine 
County; soil 2078, subsoil 2079*, Box Butte County; soil 2116, subsoil 
2117% Buffalo County; soil 685, subsoil 686', Cheyenne County; soil 
2088, subsoil 2089*, Custer County; soil 681, subsoil 682*, Deuel County; 
soil 1466, subsoil 1467*, Fillmore County; soil 2082, subsoil 2083*, Gar- 
field County; soil 1489, subsoil 1490*, Gasper County; soil 2090, subsoil 
2091*, Grant County; soil 2106, subsoil 2107*, Greeley County ; soil 2110, 
subsoil 2111*, Hall County; soil 2076, subsoil 2077*, Dawes County; 
soil 2100, subsoil 2101*, Hooker County ; soil 2080, subsoil 2081*, Howard 
County; soil 2102, subsoil 2103% Loup County; soil 1437, subsoil 1438*, 
Perkins County; soil 1435, subsoil 1436*, Phelps County; soil 2094, sub- 
soil 2095*, Sherman County; soil 2098, subsoil 2099*, Thomas County; soil 
2114, subsoil, 2115*, Valley County. E. H. Barbour, collector. 
Unclassified (43 soils, 21 subsoils). 

Subsoil 1802, Deuel County; subsoil 1796, Dundj' County; soil 1807, Perkins 
County. Robert Hay, collector. 



54 SAMPLES FROM NEVADA NEW JERSEY. 

Prairie (92 soils, 85 subsoils) — Continued. 

Unclassified (43 soils, 21 subsoils) — Continued. 

Soil 1843*, Antelope County; soil 1815, subsoils 1822, 1834, Buffalo County; 
soil 1811, subsoil 1812*, Cass County; soil 1823, Dawes County; soil 
1855, Deuel County; soil 1827, Dixon County; soil 1826, Douglas County; 
soils 1810,* 1836, Furnas County; soil 1820*, Gage County; soil 1821, 
Grant County; soil 1841*, Harlan County; soil 1837, subsoil 1838*, Har- 
lan County ; soils 1825, 3683*, sub.soils 3681", 3685 % 3686', Holt County ; soil 
1828*, Jefferson County; soil 1835, Johnson County; soil 1839, subsoil 
1840*, Kearney County ; soil 3242% subsoil 3243*, Lancaster County; soil 
1824, Logan County; soil 1813, subsoil 1814*, Madison County; soil 
1817, subsoil 1818, Merrick County; soil 1832*, Phelps County; soil 
1819*, Polk County; soil 1831, Saline County; soil 1830% Scotts Bluff 
County; soil 1829*, Sioux County; soil 1816, Washington County; soil 
. 1842, Wayne County. Collected under the direction of R. W. Furnas. 
Soil 1617*. Cheyenne County; soils 413, 415, subsoil 416*, Deuel County; 
soils 1915*, 1916*, Douglas County; soils 392; 394, subsoils 393*, 395*, 
Dundy County; soils 421, 2163, subsoils 422*, 2164, Lincoln County; soils 
348, 350, 352, subsoils 349% 351% 353*, Otoe County; soil 1854, York County. 
Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Volcanic ash (1 subsoil). 

Subsoil 3979 (mixed sample). Chase, Clay, and Dawson couiitics. E. H. Bar- 
bour, collector. 
Wind-blown dust, or "black snow" (3 samples), 687, 688, 689. 

NEVADA. 

(14 samples.) 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alkali land (2 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soils 3418*, 3421, subsoils- 3419*, 3420*, 3422*, 3423, 3963*, Elko County. Col- 
lected by agents of tht3 United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical analysis 3419, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 
1897, page 440. 
Unclassified (5 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Subsoil 1293, Douglas County; soils 1290, 1292, Elko County; soil 1433, subsoil 
1434, Lander County; soil 1119, Humboldt County; soil 1291 (salt grass), 
Washoe County. . Collected by the Kevada Experiment Station. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

The collection contains no s;implcs from New Hampshire. 

NEW JERSEY. 

(107 samples.) 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alluvial soil (3 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Cedar swamp (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 2671, subsoil 2672, Cumberland County. Collected by agents of the 
United States Department of Agriculture. 
Cranberry bog (2 soils). 

Soils 1787*, 1788*, Middlesex County. Collected by New Jersey Experiment 
Station. 
Clay, pottery (1 sample). 

1967* (china clay). Contributed by Prof. Kdwiii Orton. 



SAMPLES FROM NEW MEXICO NEW YORK. 55 

Cretaceous (8 soils, 8 subsoils). 

Soil 1763, subsoil 1764, Turlington County; soil 1745, subsoil 1746, Mercer 
County'; soils 1651, 1655, 1759, subsoils 1652, 1656, 1760, Monmouth County; 
soils 1633, 1637, subsoils 1634, 1638, Ocean County; soil, 1772 subsoil 1773. 
G. A. Knapp, collector. 
Greenhouse soil— carnations, roses (6 samples). 

Soil 2248, Belleville ; soils 2814*, 2815*, 2816*, Brunswick ; soil 2237*, Jersey City ; 
soil 2276, Summit. 
Miocene (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 1749, subsoil 1750, Burlington ; soil 1657, subsoil 1658, Monmouth County. 
G. A. Knapp, collector. 
Truck laud, Columbia (36 soils, 40 subsoils). 

Soils 1729, 1741, subsoils 1730, 1742, Burlington County; soils 1723, 1727, 1735, 
1737, 1739, 1747, 1753, 1769, subsoils 1724, 1728, 1736, 1738, 1740, 1748, 1752, 1754, 
1770, 1771, Mercer County; soils 1631, 1645, 1725, subsoils 1632, 1646, 1726, Mid- 
dlesex County; soils 1627,1629,1635, 1641, 1643, 1661, 1755, 1757, 1767, subsoils 
1628, 1630, 1636, 1642, 1644, 1654, 1662, 1756, 1758, 1768, Monmouth County ; soils 
1731, 1733, 1761, 1765, subsoils 1732, 1734, 1762, 1766, Ocean County; soil 1743, 
8ul)Soil 1744. G. A. Knapp, collector. 
Soils 1647*, 1649*, subsoils 1648*, 1650*, Monmouth County. Collected by New 

Jersey Experiment Station. 
Soils 2664*, 2666, 2668, 2673*, 2675,2677, 2679*, subsoils 2665*, 2667, 2669", 2670*, 
2674*, 2676, 2678, 2680*. Cumberland County. Collected by agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 

NEW MEXICO. 

(0 saniiiles.) 

The samples from ^ew Mexico were collected by Prof. A. E. Blount. 
The exact localities of the samples were not given. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Adobe' (1 soil). 

Soil 612*. 
Dead land (2 soils). 

Soils 615* (coarse), 684 (fine). 
Gumbo (1 soil). 

Soil 611*. 
Mesa soil (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 613, subsoil 614*. 

NEW YORK. 

(105 samples.) 
[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Clay, pottery (1 sample). 

1971* (Albany slip clay), Albany. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. 
Greenhouse soil (21 samples). 
Carnations, roses. 

Soil 2228*, Alplaus; soil 2226*. Floral Park; soils 2267*, 2268*, 2269*, 2270*, 
2271*, 2272*, 2273*, Ithaca ; soil 2227*, Queens; soil 2239*, Tarrytown. 
Lettuce, cucumbers. 

Soil 2266 *, Ithaca. 
Violets. 

Soils 2253*, 2254*, 2255*, 2259 2260*, 2264*, 2265* (propagating sand), 2274, 
2275*, Poughkeepsie. 



Ob SAMPLES FKOM NOHTH CAROLINA. 

Shales — rye land (2 soils, 1: snl)S()il8). 

Soils 43(5, 1721 % subsoils \'M, 438, Keiissolaer Comity. T. Nelson Dale, collector. 
Tobacco laiul (cif^ar type) (11 soils, 9 subsoils). 

Soil 1354, subsoil 1355*, Cayuga County; soils 1282, 1288, 1351, 1352, subsoils 
1283*-, 1289% 1353*, Onondaga County; soils 1278, 1280, 13.56, 1936, subsoils 
1279% 1281*,. 1357*. Oswego County; soils 1284, 1286*, subsoils 1285*, 1287*, 
Wayne County. Collected by agents of tlio United States Department of 
Agriculture. 

Meclianical analyses 1279, 1281, 1283, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1289, 1353, 13.55, 1357, pub- 
lished ill Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 40. 
Truck land, Columbia (9 soils, 12 subsoils). 

Soils 538, 556, 559, 617, subsoils 539*, 558*, 616*, 618, Queens County ; soils 22, 29, 
36*, 55*, subsoils 18*, 20*, 21*, 23*, 31*, 43*, 56% Kings County; soil .528, sub- 
soil 532*, Suffolk County. Collected l)y agents of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, 

Mechanical analyses 18, 20, 23, 31, 43, 55, 56, 532, 539, 558, 616, published in 
Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 142. Mechanical analysis 
539, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16; also published in 
Bulletin 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174. 
Unclassified (19 soils, 19 subsoils). 

Soil 1392, subsoil 1393, Cayuga County ; soil 1400 (muck), subsoil 1401 (muck), 
Chemung County; soil 1416, subsoil 1417, Cortland County; soil 1410, subsoil 
1411, Delaware County; soil 1404, subsoil 1405, Fulton County; soil 1424, 
subsoil 1425, Orange County; sojl 1428, subsoil 1429, Orleans County; soils 
1398, 1412, subsoils 1399, 1413, Oswego County; soil 1414, subsoil 1415, Put- 
nam County; soil 1420, subsoil 1421, Queens County ; soil 1426, subsoil 1427, 
Schenectady County; soil 1408, subsoil 1409, Schoharie County; soil 1402, 
subsoil 1403, Schuyler County; soil 1396, subsoil 1397, Seneca County; soil 
1422, snbsoil 1423, Steuben County; soil 1418, subsoil 1419, Tompkins County; 
soil 1394; subsoil 1395, Washington County; soil 1406, subsoil 1407, Wayne 
County. Collected under the direction of Dr. Peter Collier of the New York 
(Geneva) Experiment Station. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

(181 samples.) 

The samples from North Caroliiia, except where noted, were collected 
by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alluvial soil — rice lands (4 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 998, Brunswick County; soil 1000, subsoil 1001, Craven County; soil 996, 
subsoil 997, Lenoir County; soil 994, subsoil 995, Onslow County. 
Gneiss — cotton, corn, wheat (1 soil, 4 subsoils). 

Subsoil 40, Alexander County; subsoil 1899, Caswell County; soil 52, subsoils 
53, 54, Mecklenburg County. 
Greenhouse soil — carnations, roses (1 sample). 

Soil 2238*, Asheville. 
Pocoson region (4 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soils 1525, 1527, 1529, 1531, subsoils 1526, 1528, 1.530% 1532, Perquimans County. 
Tobacco land (cigarette) (20 soils, 19 subsoils). 

Soils 748*, 749*, subsoils 761*, 762*, Buncombe County; soil 744% subsoil 757*, 
Davie County; soil 742', subsoil 755', Durham County; soil 746% subsoils 
759% 3960*, Granville County; soil 747*, subsoil 760% Haywood County; soil 
750*, subsoil 763*, Madison County; soil 741*, subsoil 754*, Nash County; soil 
745*, subsoil 7.58*, Pitt County. Collected under the direction of Dr. H. B. 
Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station. 



SAMPLES FROM NORTH DAKOTA. 57 

Tobacco land (cigarette) (20 soils, 19 8nl)soil8)— Continued. 

Soils 1910, 1912, subsoil 1913% Davie County; soil 1907, subsoil 1908*', Durham 
County; soils 19, 1614, subsoil 117', Granville County; soils 1902 (heavy land, 
unfit for bright tobacco, suitable for corn), 1904, subsoils 1905 (jiipe clay which 
underlies some of the lands, making them unlit for tobacco), 1906, 1909, Nash 
County; soil 1911, Stokes County; soils 2949, 3982, 3984, subsoils 2950, 3983, 
3985, Wilson County. 

Mechanical analysis 117 published in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 10. 
Mechanical analyses 758, 760, 761 published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland 
Experiment Station, page 43. Mechanical analysis 759 published in Bulletin 
No. 5, Division of Soils, page 21. Mechanical analyses 754, 757, 758, 759, 760, 
761, 762, 763 published in Report of the State Board of Agriculture, Virginia, 
1895, page 151. Mechanical analyses 117, 741, 742, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 
750, 754, 755, 757, 758, 760, 761, 762, 763 published in Bulletin No. 11, Division 
of Soils, page 43. 
Truck land (16 soils, 25 subsoils). 

Soils 1569, 1580, subsoils 1570% 1571*, 1581, Camden County; soils 1521, 1523, sub- 
soils 1522% 1524^, Chowan County; soils 1.509, 1511, 1513, 1516, subsoils 1510*, 
1512, 1514% 1515*, 1517*, Craven County ; soil 1533, subsoils 1534*, 1542*, Perqui- 
nums County ; soils 1518, 1547, 1.549, 1561, 1563, 1565, subsoils 1519*, 1520*, 1548, 
1550, 1562, 1564, 1566*, Pasquotank County. 

Soil 2316*, subsoils 2317*, 2318*, 2319*, 2320*, 2321*, 2322*, Moore County. Col- 
lected by Dr. H. B. Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station, 
from the area selected by the State Horticultural Society for the experiments 
with fruit and truck. 

Mechanical analyses 1510, 1514, 1517, 1519, 1522, 1524, 1534, 1542, 1566, 1570, pub- 
lished in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 136. Mechanical 
analysis, 1510, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16. Mechan- 
ical analyses, 1510, 1514, published in Report of Virginia State Board of Agricul- 
ture, page 147. Mechanical analyses, 1510, 2316, 2317, 2318, 2319, 2320, 2321, 2322, 
published in Bulletin 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896;page 174. 
Unclassified (40 soils, 41 subsoils). 

Soils 1572, 1574, 1576, 1578, su1)Soil8 1573, 1575, 1577, Camden County ; soils 1582, 
1584, 1586, subsoils 1.579*, 1583, 1585, 1587, Currituck County; soils 1.551, 1553, 
1555, 1557, 15.59, 8ul)Soil8 1552, 15.54, 1556, 1558*, 1560, Durant Neck; soils 1545, 
1567, subsoils 1546, 1568, Pasquotank County ; soils 1535, 1537, 1539, 1541, 1543, 
subsoils 1.536, 1.538, 1540*, 1544, Perquimans County. These samples are for the 
most part heavy clay, or rather silt soils forming avast tract of level country. 
As a rule the soils are wet and close and need underdrainage. They are much 
too heavy for early truck, but where the drainage is sufficient they form excellent 
corn lands and fair wheat lands. They underlie mos t of the truck lauds in eastern 
North Carolina, being covered usually with 18 or 20 inches or more of sand. 

Soils 3943, 3945, 3947, 3949, 3951, subsoils 3944, 3946, 3948*, 3950*, 3952*, 3953*, 
Beaufort County; soils 3841, 3842, Chowan County; soil 1900, subsoil 1901, 
Davie County; soils 1981, 2191, 2193, 2203, 2205, subsoils 1996, 2192, 2194, 2204, 
2206, Macon County; soils 3935*, 3937, subsoils 1903 (clay underlying tobacco 
lands), 3936*, 3938*, Nash County; soils 3939, 3941, subsoils 3940*, 3942*, North- 
ampton County; subsoil 1914, Wake County; soils 3954, 3987, 3989, 3991, sub- 
soils 3955*, 3986, 3988, 3990, 3992, Washington County. 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

(61 samples.) 

The samples from North Dakota were collected by agents of the 
United States Department of Agriculture. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alkali (1 soil, 5 subsoils). 

Soil 3293% subsoils 3294*, 3296* (hardpan), 3749 (bad land), 3750 (bad land), 
3751 (bad land), Morton County. 



58 SAMPLES FROM OHIO. 

Alluvial. See Lacustrine. 
Bad laud (1 soil, 4 subsoilw). 

Soil 3748, subsoil 3752, Morton County. 
See under Alkali for other samples. 
Prairie (26 soils, 27 subsoils). 

Jamestown Valley — wheat (4 soils, 7 subsoils). 

Soils 3260% 3263, 3266 % 3268% subsoils 3261% 3262*, 3264*, 3265*, 3267*, 3269*, 

3270% Stutsman County. 
Mechanical analysis .3264, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- 
ture, 1897, page 440. . 
Lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley) — wheat (8 soils, 9 subsoils). 

Soils 1858, 1860. 1862, .3278, 3280% 3282*, 3753, subsoils 1859% 1861% 1863*, 
3279*, 3281% 3283% 3964*, Cass County; soil 3271% subsoils 3272 % 3273*, 
Ransom County. 
Mechanical analysis 3279, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- 
ture, 1897, page 440. 
Unclassified — wheat (14 soils, 11 subsoils). 

Soils 3290*, 3292, subsoil 3291*, Burleigh County; soils 3274, 3276, 3284*, 
3286, 3288, 3743, subsoils 3275*, 3277*, 3285*, 3287, 3289, 3744, 3745, Kidder 
County; soils 3295, 3J98, 3746, subsoils 3297, 3299*, 3747, Morton Connty; 
soils .3300% 3301% 3302% Stark County. 
Mechanical analyses 3285, 3291, jjublished in Yearbook, Department of Agri- 
culture, 1897, page 440 
Wheat laud (26 soils, 27 subsoils). 
See Prairie. 

OHIO. 

(74 samples.) 

The samples from Ohio were collected by ageuts of the United States 
Department of Agriculture, 

[Mechauical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alluvial soil — corn, wheat (8 soils, 9 subsoils). ' 

Soil 3092, subsoil 3093, Brpwn Coimty; soils 703, 705, 707, subsoils 704, 706, 708, 
Franklin County ; soils 3094, 3096, 3101, 3106, subsoils 3095, 3097, 3102, 3103, 3107, 
Montgomery Connty, 
Clay, pottery (5 samples). 

1978' (stoneware clay). Summit County; 1979* (crude kaolin), 1980* (washed 
kaolin), 1970" Franklin County, 1977* (stoneware clay). Perry County, Con- 
tributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. 
Corn land (22 soils, 27 subsoils). 

See Alluvial soil, glacial drift, limestone. 
Glacial drift — cigar tobacco, wheat, corn (9 soils, 12 subsoils). 

Soils 3098, 3104, 3108, 3110, 3113, 311.5, 3117, 3119*, subsoils 3099*, 3100, 3105, 3109, 
3111% 3112, 3114. 3116, 3118, 3120*, 3121*, Montgomery County; soil 3732, subsoil 
3733, "Wayne County. 
Mechanical analyses 3099, 3111, 3120, 3121, x»ubli8hed in Bulletin No. 11, Division 
of Soils, page 41. 
Grass land (5 soils, 6 subsoils). 

See Limestone. 
Greenhouse soil — lettuce, cucumbers (1 sample). 

1983, Columbus. 
Lake Erie bottom (from bottom of lake, collected to study the relation ^^i lake 
bottom to vegetation) (16 soils). 

Soils 3843% .3814*, 3845*, 3846*, 3847*, 3848*, 3849*, 3850*, 3851*, 3852*, 3853*, 3854*, 
3855*, 3856-. 3857', 3858*, Ottawa Connty. 



SAMPLES FROM OKLAHOMA PENNSYLVANIA. 59 

Limestone, Hudson Kiver^White P>urley tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (5 soils, 6 sub- 
soils). 
Soils 3081, 3081, 308(5, 3088, 3090, subsoils 3082% 3083, 3085, 3087*, 3089*, 3091*, 

Brown County. 
Mechanical analyses, 3082, 3087, 3089, 3091, published in Bulletin No. 11, Divi- 
sion of SoHs, page 44. 
Tobacco laud (14 soils, 18 subsoils). 
Cigar (9 soils, 12 subsoils). 

See Glacial drift. 
White Burley (5 soils, (5 subsoils). 
See Limestone. 
Unclassified (1 soil, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 2965, subsoils 2966% 2967*, Lawrence County. 
Wheat land (22 soils, 27 subsoils). 

See Alluvial soil, glacial drift, limestone. 

OKLAHOMA. 

« 
(15 samples.) 

Tlie samples from Oklahoma were collected by the Oklahoma Experi- 
ment Station iu couuection with the exhibit for the World's Fair exhibit 
at Chicago. 

Unclassified (10 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soil 1361 (prairie), Beaver County; soil 1358 (alluvium-prairie), subsoil 1359 
(alluvium-prairie), Canadian County; subsoil 1107, Greer County; soils 1077, 
1078, Kingfisher County; soils 964 (timber), 965 (blue stem), Logan County; 
soils 784, 786 (prairie), 788, subsoils 785, 787 (prairie), 790, Payne County; 
soil 795. 



(2 samples.) 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of the samples marked (*).] 

Adobe, diabasic (2 soils). 

Soils 2810*, 2811*, Douglas County. Collected liy agents of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 

I'ENNSYLVANIA. 

(60 samples.) 

The samples from Pennsylvania were collected by agents of the 
United States Department of Agriculture. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Clay, pottery (1 sample). 

1973* (ground feldspar), Delaware County. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. 
Greenhouse soil (17 samples). 
Carnations, roses. 

Soil 2230*,Avondale; soils 2251, 2252, Bloomsburg ; soil 2314, Chestnut Hill; 
soils 2216*, 2217*, 2218*, 2219*, 2220*, 2223*, 2224*, 2793*, Kenuett Square; 
soil 2211, Philadelphia. 
Tomatoes. 

Soils 2215*, 2221*, 2222*, 2225*, Kennett Square. 
Grass laud (12 soils, 12 subsoils). 

See Trenton, limestone, shaly limestone. 



GO SAMPLES FROM RHODE ISLAND. 

Limcstouo (12 soils, 12 subsoils). 

Trenton limestone, xee Tobacco lan<l (9 soils, 8 subsoils). 
Slialy limestone, sec Tobacco land (3 soils, 4 subsoils). 
Potsdam saudstono— rye (1 subsoil). 

Subsoil 2571, York County. 
Tobacco lauds (cigar type) (13 soils, 20 subsoils). 
Phillito — tobacco, wheat (2 subsoils). 

Subsoils 25U*, 2512% York County. 
River land — tobacco (1 soil, 1 subsoil).- 

Soil 2573", subsoil 2571*, Lancaster County. 
Trenton limestone — tobacco, wheat, grass (12 soils, 12 subsoils). 

Soils 3, 11% 1260, 1704, 1919, 1920, subsoils 10*, 16*^, 1360% 1705', 2804% Lan- 
caster County; soils 2507*, 2509, 2569% subsoils 2508*, 2510% 2570% York 
County. 
Shaly limestone. 

Soils 2513, 2515, 2567% subsoils 2514% 2516*, 2568*, 2.572, Lancaster 
Countj\ 
Unclassified — tobacco (5 subsoils). 

Subsoils 636, 637, 638, 639, 640% Bradford County. 

Mechanical analyses 16, 1360, published in Yearbook, Depaitmcut of Agri- 
culture, 1894, page 152. Mechanical analyses 10, 16, 1360, 1705, published in 
Report of Pennsylvania State College, 1894, I'art II, page 144, and in Bul- 
letin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 17. Mechanical analyses 16, 1360, 2508, 
2510, 2511, 2514, 2516, 2568, 2570, 2574,2804, published in Bulletin No. 11, 
Division of Soils, page 40. 
Unclassified (8 samples). 

1917, 1918, Bradford County; 683* (fresh molding sand), 727* (molding sand 
which has been used and is "dead"), 257.5, 2.576*, 2577% 2.578, Lancaster County. 
Wheat land (12 soils, 14 subsoils). 
/See Trenton limestone, phillite. 
>i 

RHODE ISr.AND. 

(19 samples.) 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of sanii)les marked (*).] 

Carboniferous conglomerate (1 soil). 

Soil 980, Providence County. Collected by agent of the Rhode Island lOxpt^ri- 
ment Station. 
Drift, glacial (5 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soil 974, subsoil 975, Rent County; soil 978, subsoil 979, Newjiort County ; soil 
972, subsoil 973, Providence County; soils 796, 981, subsoils 797, 982, Wash- 
ington County. Collected by agents of the Rhode Island Exi)erimeut Station. 
" Transition gray wacko" (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 976, subsoil 977. Collected by agent of the Rhode Island Experiment Sta- 
tion. 
Truck laud (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soils 516*, 517, subsoils 522, 523*, Providence County. Collected by agents of 

the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical analyses 516, 523, ])ublished in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 
1894, page 143. Mechanical analysis 516, jmblislied in IJuUetin No. 5, Divi- 
sion of Soils, page 16. 
Unclassified (2 soils). 

Soils 153*, 279*. C-ollected by agents of tlie Rhode Island Experiment Station. 



SAMPLES FROM EUSSIA SOUTH CAROLINA. 61 



(8 samples.) 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alkali (1 soil). 

Soil 3697*, Turkestan. Collected by an agent of the United States Department 
of Agriculture. 
Chernozem ("black earth") — -wheat (4 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 2311*, subsoil 2308', Alexandrovsk district, Ekaterinoslav government; soil 
2312*, subsoil 2313*, Paulograd district, Ekaterinoslav government; soil 2307*, 
Elizabetgrad district, Kherson government ; soil 2309*, subsoil 2310*, Melitopol 
district, Tavrich government. Collected in the great wheat-growing region 
by S. Kizenkoff, member of the irrigation commission for South Russia. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 
(10:i aamiiles.) 

The samples from Soutli Caroliiui were collected by agents of the 
United States Department of Agriculture or the South Carolina 
Experiment Station, during the period when the station was located at 
Columbia. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alluvial soil — rice (6 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soils 24*, 25*, 26*, 27*, subsoil 30, Georgetown County; soil 3961* Charleston 

County; soil 59*, Sumter County. 
Mechanical analyses 24, 25, 26, 59, published in Report No. 6, Division of Statis- 
tics, Department of Agriculture, entitled "Rice, its cultivation, production, 
and distribution," pages 86,89. Mechanical analysis 25 imblished in Rocks, 
Rock Weathering;', and Soils, page 341. 
Of these samples 59 represents the upland rice soil; 24 and 26 the very finest 
type of " alluvial mud," soft, black, and sticky, which forms the finest type of 
lowland rice lands ; sample 25 represents the typical swamp bog or peat, which 
forms the poorest kind of rice land, being easily exhausted. 
Clay, pottery (1 sample). 

50 (kaolin), Aiken County. 
Clay slate — cotton, corn, wheat (2 subsoils). 

Subsoils 14*, 127*, Edgefield County. 
Corn land (15 soils, 23 subsoils). 

See "Provision land," hammock, Red Hill, gneiss, clay slate. 
Cotton land (24 soils, 41 subsoils). 

See Sea Island cotton, hammock, lower pine lielt, upper pine belt, Red Hill, 
gneiss, clay slate. 
Gneiss — wheat, corn, cotton (2 soils, 7 subsoils). 

Soil 109, Abbeville County; subsoils 102,103, 104, 105, 10t», 107, Anderson County ; 
soil 100, subsoil 101, Laurens County. 
Hammock or ridge land — cotton, corn (5 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soils 65, 67, 68, 70, 79, subsoils 66, 69, 71, 72, 80, Williamsburg County. 
Lower pine belt— cotton (2 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soils 121, 123, subsoils 60, 61, 62, 64, 122, AVilliamsburg County. 
" Provision land" — corn (3 soils, 1 subsoil). ' 

Soil 120*, Edisto Island; soils 12, 87, subsoil 88*, James Island. 
Mechanical analysis 88, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, 
page 136 ; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 43. 



C)2 SAMPLES FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Red Hill formation — cotton, corn (5 soils, S subsoils). 

Soils <)1, !>3, subsoils 92, 94,97, Aikcu Conuty; soil 124, subsoils 125*, 2803*, 

Oraugebuvg County; soils 73, 75, subsoils 74", 76*, 126, Surutcr County. 
Mechanical analyses 74, 70, published in Hullctin Xo. 4, Weather IJurean, page 46. 
Saud Hills (3 soils, 9 subsoils). 

Subsoils 96, 98, 99, Aiken County; soils 37,38, subsoils 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, IMchland 

County; soil 77, subsoil 78*, Sumter County. 
Mechanical analysis 78 (a truck soil), published in Yearbook, Department of 
Agriculture, 1894, page 136; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 46. 
Sea Ishxnd cotton and truck soil (10 soils, 12 subsoils, 1 sample mud). 

Soils 110, 112, 114, 118, subsoils 111*, 113*, 115*, 116*, 119, Edisto Island ; soils 1, 2, 
81.83,85,89 (salt land), subsoils 8, 9, 82% 84*, 86*, 90 (salt land), 2807*, James 
Island; 13 (salt mud i'rom marshes, used in the bottom of cotton rows as a 
fertilizer in the cultivation of Sea Island cotton), James Island. 
Mechanical analyses 82, 84, 86, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- 
ture, 1894, page 136; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 43. 
There are two important classes of soils on the Sea Islands : the cotton and truck 
soils, which usually form the rather narrow belt adjacent to the salt marshes; 
and the soils of the interior of the islands, which are frequently poorly 
drained and consequently unfit for the finest type of Sea Island cotton. This 
is known as " provision land," as it is on this, upon which the valuable crops 
of cotton can not be grown, that most of the common forage and other pro- 
visions for the plantation are grown. There are three general types of the 
Sea Island cotton soils, locally known as "sand and gravel," "clay lands," 
and "sandy lands." Samples 83 and 84 rcjjresent the sand and gravel from 
James Island, which is considered the very finest type of Sea Island soil. 
They contain a very small amount of very fine gravel or coarse sand which 
secures perfect drainage, while the clay they contain is sufficiently retentive 
of moisnre to make them safe for crops. There is comparatively little of this 
type. Samples 8, 9, 81, and 82 represent the clay lands, containing, however, 
no more than 5 or 6 per cent of clay; while 1, 2, 85, and 86 represent the sandy 
lands with not over 1 or 2 per cent of clay. This slight difference in the 
amount of clay is clearly recognized by the planters and is indeed very appar- 
ent to anyone who examines the land. Under ordinary conditions the clay 
land is considered much finer than the sandy land, but under the conditions 
of intensive cultivation which prevail they are all about equally productive. 
Talc-serpentine (1 soil, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 48, subsoils 49, 51, Chester County ; subsoil 47, Lancaster County. 
Tobacco land (cigarette) (1 soil, 1 siibsoil). 

Soil 751*, subsoil 764*, Lancaster County. Collected under the direction of Dr. 

H. B. Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station. 
Mechanical analysis 764, published in Bulletin No. 21, :Maryland Experiment 
Station, page 43; in Report of the State Board of Agriculture, Virginia, 1895, 
page 151; in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 21, and in Bulletin No. 
11, Division of Soils, page 43. Mechanical analysis 751, published in Bulletin 
No. 11, Division of Soils, page 43. 
Trap (2 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 41, 44, subsoils 42 (pipe clay), 45, 40 (pipe clay), Chester County. 
Unclassified (2 soils). 

Soil 108, Abbeville County; soil 28, Georgetown CNmuty. 
Upper pine belt — cotton (2 subsoils). 

Subsoils 57, 58, Sumter County. 
Wheat land (2 soils, 9 subsoils). 
See Gneiss, clav slate. 



SAMPLES FROM SOUTH DAKOTA TENNESSEE. 63 

SOUTH UAKOT.V. 

(11 samples.) 

Prairie — wheat (3 soils, 8 subsoils). 

Soil 1856, subsoil 1857, Beadle County; soils 3864, 3868, subsoils 3865, 3866, 3867, 
3869, 3870,.3871, 3872, Brookings County. Collected by agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 



(12 samples.) 
[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples uuirked (*).] 

Tobacco land (cigar tj^pe) (3 soils, 9 subsoils). 

Soils 2195*, 2197*,, subsoils 2196*, 2198*, Behalla estate, Deli-Sumatra; soil 2207*, 
subsoil 2208*, Brahraug, Langhas-Sumatra; subsoils 2199*, 2200*, Eimboen 
estate ; subsoils 2201*, 2202*, Tandjong Geonoeng estate ; subsoils 2209*, 2210*, 
Tjermin Upper Lankat. Collected under the direction of the vice-consul at 
Pad an g. 

Mechanical analysis 2200, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 19. 

TENNESSEE. 
(lai samples.) 

The samples from Tennessee were obtained through two sources. 
Part of them were collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment 
Station while the soil collection for the Columbian Exposition at Chi- 
cago was being secured. The remaining samples were collected by 
agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. The samples 
collected by agents of the Tennessee Exi)eriment Station form the basis 
of a bulletin upon the soils of Tennessee, issued in September, 1897. 
Mechanical analyses were made of these samples in the Division of 
Soils, and chemical analyses were made in the laboratory of the Ten- 
nessee Experiment Station. 

[Mechauical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). Chemical analyses 
have been made of samples marked (^).] 

Cambrian (3 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Knox shale — wheat, corn, grass (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 715, subsoil 716*°, Monroe County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee 

Experiment Station. 
Knox sandstone — tobacco, cigarette (2 soils, 1 subsoil i. 

Soil 778, subsoil 779* ^, Greene County. Collected by agent of the Teiines- 
see Exx)eriment Station. 
Soil 1931, Washington County. Collected by an agent of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 

. Mechanical analysis 779, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 
20; Bulletin, Vol. 10, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, page 133, and 
in report of the Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 151. 
Chemical analysis 779, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experi- 
ment Station, page 134. 
Mechanical and chemical analysis 716, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, Xo. 3, 
Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133, 134. 



64 SAMPLES FllOM TENNESSEE. 

Coal measures (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 719, subsoil 720* ', Grundy County. Collected by agents of Tennessee Experi. 

ment Station. 
Meclianical and clioniical analysis 720, published in liulletin. Vol. X, Xo. 3, Ten- 
nessee Exi)erimont Station, pages 133-131. 
Corn land (42 soils, 67 subsoils). 

.See Knox shale, Cretaceous, Lafayette, limestone, loess. 
Cotton land (8 soils, 8 subsoils). 

See Lafayette, Cretaceous, loess. 
Cretaceous (flatwoods) — cotton, corn (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 730, subsoil 731*^, Benton County; soil 732, subsoil 733" \ Carroll County. 

Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. 
Mechanical and chemical analyses 731, 733, publislied in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, 
Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135. 
Grass land (34 soils, 59 subsoils). 

See Knox sh.ale, limestone. 
Lafayette (orange sands) — export tobacco, cotton, corn (5 soils, 5 subsoils). 

Soil 736, subsoils 737* '^', Fayette County; soil 734, subsoil 735*°, Gibson County. 

Collected by agents of the Tennessee Exiiorinient Station. 
Soils 3184, 3186, 3188, subsoils 3185, 3187, 3189, Henry County. Collected by 

agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical and chemical analyses 735, 737, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, 
Tennessee Experiment Station, pp. 133-135. 
Limestone (33 soils, 58 subsoils). 

Knox dolomite — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (3 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 462, 709, 711, subsoils 463% 710*", 712* '^, Knox County. Collected by 
agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. 
Lenore limestone — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soil 464, subsoil 465, Knox County; soil 713, subsoil 714* '^j Loudon County. 
Collected l)y agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. 
Nashville limestone (blue-grass region) — White Burley tobacco, grass, wheat, 
corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 723, subsoil 724*'°, Maury County. Collected by agents of the Tennes- 
see Experiment Station. 
Trenton limestone (blue-grass regicm) — White Burley toliacco, wheat, corn (4 
soils, 6 subsoils). 

Subsoil 1703, Bradley County; soils 1871, 1873, 1874, 1929, subsoils 1718*, 
1872, 1875, 1876, 1930, Davidson County. Collected by agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 
St. Louis group — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (23 soils, 46 subsoils). 

Soil 717, subsoil 718* \ Franklin (!ounty; soil 725, subsoil 726*°, Robertson 

County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experimenit Station. 
Soils 1878, 1879, 1880*, 1932, 2590, 2593, 2597, 2600,2604, 2607,2610,2614,2618, 
subsoils 1719*, 1720*, 1881, 2591*, 2592*, 2594*, 2595, 2.596, 2598*, 2590*, 
2601*, 2602*, 2603, 2605*, 2606*, 2608*, 2609*, 2811% 2612*, 2613, 2615*, 2616, 
2617, 2619*, 2620*, 2621, Montgomery County; soils 2622, 2626,2628, 2632, 
2635, 2637, 2641, 2644, subsoils 2623% 2624*, 2625, 2627,2629*, 2630*, 2631, 
2633*, 2634, 2636*, 2638*, 2639, 2640, 2642*, 2643, 2645*, 2646*. 2647*, Rob- 
ertson County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of 
Agriculture. 
Mechanical analysis 1720, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, 
page 22, and in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 46. Mechanical 
analyses 726, 1719, 1880, 2591, 2592, 2594, 2598, 2599, 2601, 2602, 2605, 2606, 
2608,' 2609, 2611, 2612, 2615, 2619, 2620, 2623, 2624, 2629, 2630, 2633, 2636, 
2638,2642, 2645, 2646, 2647, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, 
pages 45-47. 
Mechanical and chemical analyses 71(t, 712, 714, 718, 724, 726, publislied in 
Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135. 



SAMPLES FROM TEXAS. 65 

Loess — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 738, subsoil 739*°, Dyer County. Collected by agents of the United States 

Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical and chemical analysis 739, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Ten- 
nessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135. 
Subcarboniferous- (30 soils, 54 subsoils). 
St. Louis group (23 soils, 46 subsoils). 

See under Limestone. 
Siliceous group, Keokuk — barrens (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 721, subsoil 722*°, Coffee County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee 

Experiment Station. 
Mechanical and chemical analysis 722, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, 
Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135. 
Unclassified (6 soils, 7 subsoils). 

Subsoil 3610*, Montgomery County; soils 3146, 3148, 3150, 3152, 3154,3156, 
subsoils 3147, 3149, 3151, 3153, 3155, 3157, Robertson County. Collected by 
agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Tobacco land (40 soils, 66 subsoils). 
Cigarette (2 soils, 1 subsoil). 

See Knox sandstone. 
Export type (33 soils, 56 subsoils). 

See Knox dolomite, Lafayette, Lenore limestone, St. Louis group. 
White Burley (5 soils, 7 subsoils). 

See Nashville limestone, Trenton limestone. 
Unclassified (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 2943*, subsoil 2944*, Lewis County. Collected by agents of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 
Wheat land (34 soils, 59 subsoils). 
See Knox shale, limestone. 



(29 samples.) 
[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alluvial soil (2 soils, 1 subsoil). ■» 

Soil 2698, Uvalde County. Collected by the United States Cxeological Survey. 
Soil 2244*, subsoil 2245", Galveston County. J. S. Dolen, collector. 
Basalt (1 soil). 

Soil 2699*, Uvalde County. Collected by the United States Geological Survey. 
Black waxy, probably Cretaceous (3 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soils 2565*, 2945*, subsoils 2566*, 2946*, Lamar County; soil 2143* ("Eagle Ford 
clay"), Tarrant County. Collected by agents of the United States Department 
of Agriculture. 
Permian — wheat land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 3698, subsoil 3699, Taylor County. Collected by agents of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 
Prairie (2 soils, 2 subsoils). 

Soils 2165*, 2167*, subsoils 2166*, 2168*, Harris County. J. S. Dolen, collector. 
Silt terrace of the Nueces River (2 soils). 

Soils 2697*, 2700*, Uvalde County. Collected by agents of the United States 
Geological Survey. 
Tobacco land (cigar type), (3 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soils 2281, 2283, 2285, subsoils 2282*, 2284*, 2286*, Montgomery County. Col- 
lected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Mechanical analyses 2282, 2284, 2286, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of 
Soils, page 42. 

8670— i^o. 16 5 



66 SAMIM.K.S FROM UTAH VIRGINIA. 

Unclassified (3 soils, S subsoils). 

Soils 3819, 3822, 3823, subsoils 3820, 3821, 3824, Montague County. Collected 
by S. P. Benton. 

UTAH. 

(4 samples.) 

[Mecliiiiiical analyses liave been made of samples niaikiMl ( ').] 

Bench land (2 soils). 

Soils 3420", 3429% Salt Lake County. Collected by agents of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 
Valley land (2 soils). 

Soils 3427, 3428*, Salt Lake (!ounty. Collected by agents of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. 

VERMONT. 

(1 sample.) 

[Mechanical analysis has been made of sam])le marked (*).] 

Greenhouse soil — carnations, roses (1 sample). 
Soil 2229*, Manchester. 

VIR(iINIA. 

(279 samples.) 

All the samples from Virginia were collected by agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. Most of them were collected at 
the request of and in cooperation witli the Yirginia State Board of 
Agriculture. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*^).] 

Alluvial soil (Dismal Swamp land) — corn (7 soils, 21 subsoils). 

Subsoils 3829, 3830, 3831, Nansemond Connty; soils 3825, 3826, 3836, 3839,3921", 
3924*, 3929*, snbsoils 3832, 3833, 3834, 3835, 3837, 3838, 3840, 3922% 3923% 3925% 
3926% 3927, 3928*, 3930*, 3931*, 3932, 3933*, 3934, Norfolk County. 
Barrens of Caroline and Hanover counties — ''jiipe clay'' (1 soil, 13 subsoils). 

Subsoils 2127% 2141*, 2142*, Caroline County; soil 2130*, subsoil 2131* (crayfish 
land), 2132* (crayfish land), 2133* (crayfish land), 2134% 2135*, 2136*, 2137*, 
2138*, 2139*, 2140* (near Beaverdam), Hanover County. 
Mechanical analyses 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, published in Report of Vir- 
ginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 167. 
Corn land (40 soils, 87 snbsoils). 

See Alluvial soil, limestom^, tobacco land. 
Diabase (1 soil). 

Soil 3640*, Pittsylvania County. 

Mechanical analysis published in The American Geologist, Vol. XXII, No. 2, 
August, 1898, i)ago 92. 
Grass land (28 soils, 57 subsoils). 
See Limestone, tobacco land. 
Limestone, Trenton — wheat, corn, grass (19 soils, 34 subsoils). 

Soils 2001, 2007, 2057, subsoils 2002*. 2008, 2058*, Frederick County; subsoils 
657*, 2805*, Montgomery County; soils 449, 485, subsoils 450*, 486*. 624*, 625*, 
626*, 627*, Page County ; subsoils 032% 633% 634*, 635*, Rockingham County; 
soils 457*, 459, 461, 487*, 489, 620, 622*, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2033, 2036, 2039, 
subsoils 458*, 460*, 484*, 488*, 619% 621*, 623% ()28*, 629*, 630% 631*, 2000*, 2004*, 
2006*, 2034*, 2035*, 2037*, 2038% 2040% Shenandoah County. 



SAMPLES FROM VIRGINIA. 67 

Ijiiuestone, Trentou — wbeat, corn, grass (19 soils, 34 subsoils) — Contiuueil. 

Mechanical analj-ses 458, 460, 484, 486, 488, 619, 623, 624, 625, 626, 628, 629, 630, 
631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 657, 2002, 2004, 2034, 2035, 2037, 2038, 2040, 2058, pub- 
lished in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 164-165. 
Tobacco land (41 soils, 75 subsoils). 

Bright tobacco, cigarettes, and plug wrappers (27 soils, 43 subsoils). 

Soils 2065, 2067, subsoils 2066% 2068*, 2069*, Brunswick County; soil 740, 
subsoil 753* (collected under the direction of Dr. H. B. Battle, director 
of the North Carolina Experiment Station), Halifax County; soil 2121*, 
subsoils 2122% 2123% 2124*, Hanover County ; soils 1890, 1892, 1894, subsoils 
1891, 1895, Henry County ; soils 2026, 2029, 2041, 2044, 2046, 2048, 2051, 2054, 
subsoils 2027% 2028*, 2030*, 2031*, 2032*, 2042*, 2043*, 2045% 2047*, 2049*, 
2050*, 2052*, 2053*, 2055, Mecklenburg County; soils 690, 693,695, 698,819, 
1341, 1592, 1653, 1666, 1669, 1774, 1896, subsoils 691, 692*, 694*, 696*, 697*, 
789*, 814*, 1329*, 1334*, 1372*, 1459*, 1605*, 1639*, 1663*, 1667*, 1668*, 1722*, 
1751*, 18.33*, 1897, Pittsylvania County. 
Mechanical analysis 1372, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, 
page 21; also in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 
154. Mechanical analyses 692, 694, 696, 697, 753, 789, 814, 1329, 1334, 1459, 
1605, 1639, 1663, 1667, 1668, 1722, 1751, 1833, 2027, 2028, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2043, 
2045, 2047, 2049, 2050, 2052, 2053, 20.55, 2066, 2068, published m Report of 
Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 153-157. Mechanical 
analyses 694, 696, 753, 789, 1329, 1372, 1605, 1663, 1667, 1668, 1722, 1751, 1833, 
2027, 2028, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2045, 2047, 2049, 2052, 2066, 2068, published in 
Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 43. 
Export aud manufacturing types— wheat, corn, grass (9 soils, 23 subsoils). 
Gabbro soils (4 soils. 6 subsoils). 

Soils 641*, 643*, 645, 648, subsoils 642% 644", 646*, 647*, 649*, 650*, Albe- 
marle County. 
Gneiss soil (2 soils, 8 subsoils). 

Soils 2340*, 3959% Albemarle County; subsoils 6.55*, 656', 658*, 659*, 
Bedford County; subsoils 651', 652*, 653*, 654*, Campbell County. 
Unclassified (3 soils, 9 subsoils). 

Soils 2059, 2061, 2063, subsoils 2060*, 2062*, 2064*, Brunswick County ; sub- 
soil 1997*, Charlotte«County ; subsoil 1893, Henry County; subsoil 
2056*, Mecklenburg County; subsoils 814, 1664*, 1665*, Pittsylvania 
County. 
Mechanical analyses 642,644,646,647,649,650,651,652,653, 654, 6.55, 656, 
658,659, 1664, 1665, 1997, 20.56, 2060, 2062, 2064, published in Report of 
Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 159-162, aud in Bulle- 
tin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 44. 
Sun-cured tobacco, manufacturing types — wheat, corn (5 soils, 9 subsoils). 

Soils 2125*, 2128*, subsoils 2126*, 2129*, Hanover County ; soils, 2016, 2019, 
2022, subsoils 2017*, 2018*, 2020*, 2021*, 2023*, 2024*, 2025*, Louisa 
County. 
Mechanical analyses 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023, 2024, 2025, published in 
Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 169. 
Truck laud, Columbia (23 soils, 31 subsoils). 

Soils 366*, 368, 370, 373*, 375, 377, 380*, 383, 385, 2009, 2012, subsoils 367*,369*, 371*, 
372% .374% 376, 378", 379*, 381*, 384*,386*, 387*, 2010*, 2011*, 2013*, 2014*, .lames 
City County ; 8oils354*, 356, 3.58, 360, 362, 364, 158S, 1.590, 1594*, 1596, 1598, 1600, 
subsoils 355*. .357*. .359*, 361*, .363*, 365*, 1589, 1591, 1.593*, 1595*, 1597. 1599*, 
1601*, 3827, 3828, Norfolk County. 



68 SAMPLES FROM WASHINGTON — WEST VIRGINIA. 

Truck land, Columbia (23 soils, 31 subsoils) — Continued. 

Mechanical atiiilyses 1593, 1595, 1599, 1601, published in Yearbook, Department 
of Agricultnrti, ISiH, page 138. Mechanical analysis 1595, published in Bulletin 
No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16; also published in Bulletin No. 129, North 
Candina Exi)erinient Station, 1896, page 171. Mechanical analysis 371, pub- 
lished in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 6. Mechanical analyses 355, 
357, 359, 361, 363, 365, 367, 369, 371, 372, 371, 378, 379, 381, .384, 386, 387, 1.593, 1.595, 
1599, 1601, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, published in Report of Virginia State Board of 
Agriculture, 1895, pages 147-150. 

Unclassified (6 soils, 7 subsoils). 

Soils 1706% 1708% 1710 , subsoils 1707*, 1709*, 1711*, Albemarle County; soils 
2182*, 3859% subsoils 2183*, 3860% 3861*, Fairfax County; subsoil 382, James 
City County; soil 1898*, Spottsylvania County. 

Wheatland (33 soils, 66 subsoils). 
See Liuiostone, iobacco liiud. 

WASHINGTON. 

(."58 samples.) 

The samples from Wasliiugton were collected by agents of the Experi- 
ment Station for the World's Fair exhibit at Chicago. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Alkali (2 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soils 3339, 3340, subsoil 3341% Wallawalla County. 
Alluvial soil (8 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soil 1050, Clallam County; soil 985, subsoil 986, Clarke County ; soil 1006, sub- 
soil 1007, Pacific County; soil 991, subsoil 992, Pierce County; soil 1051, San 
Juan County; soil 990, Skagat County ; soil 983, subsoil 984, Whatcom County ; 
soil 1005, Whitman County. 
Basalt— wheat (13 soils, 16 subsoils). 

Subsoil 2921*, Garfield County ; soils 3342, 3344, 3346*, 3348*, 3350, 3352* (foothi lis), 
3354, subsoils 3343, 3345*, 3347*, 3349*, 3351% 3353 (foothills), 3355 (foothills), 
Wallawalla County; soils 1003, 33.30, 3332, 3334, 3336, subsoils 1004, 3331*, 3333*, 
3335% 3337% 3338, 3956*, Whitman County; soil 3324, subsoil 3325*, Yakima 
County. 
Mechanical analyses 3331, 3348, 33.52, published in Yearbook, Department of Agri- 
culture, 1897, page 440. Mechanical analysis 2921, published in Water-Supply 
and Irrigation Papers, No. 4, 1897. 
Unclassified (5 soils, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 2279, subsoil 2280, King County; soil 987, subsoil 988, Lewis County; soil 
10C8, Lincoln County; soil 1002, Stevens County; soil 3329*, Hunts Junction; 
subsoil ;'3.56*. Wallawalla County. 
Volcanic ash (5 soils, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1023, Kittitas County; soil 993, Wallawalla County; soils 1022, 3326, 3328, 
subsoil 3327*, Yakima County. 

WEST VIRGINIA. 
(11 samples.) 

The samples from West Virginia were collected by agents of the 
United States Department of Agriculture. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Carboniferous sandstone (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 
Soil 2951, subsoil 2952*, Cabell County. 



LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 69 

Sandstone (3 subsoils). 

Subsoils 229, 230, 232, Jefferson County. 

Tobacco land (cigarette) (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 743*, subsoil 756*, Fayette County. 

Mechanical analysis 756, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment 
Station, page 43 ; also in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriclture, 1895, 
page 151. 
Unclassified (1 soil, 3 subsoils). 

Soil 2953, subsoil 2954*. Cabell County; subsoil 29.55*, North Barboursville Sta- 
tion; subsoil 911, Morgan County. 

WISCONSIN. 

(18 samples.) 

The samples from Wisconsin were collected by agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] 

Tobacco land (cigar type) — wheat, corn (8 soils, 10 subsoils). 
Limestone (1 soil, 1 subsoil). 

Soil 1497, subsoil 1498*, Rock County. 
Oak openings (4 soils, 5 8u))soils). 

Soils 3252*, 3258*, subsoils 3253*, 3254*, 3259*, Dane County; soils 3244, 3250, 
subsoils 3245*, 3251*, Rock County. 
Prairie (3 soils, 4 subsoils). 

Soil 3256, subsoils 3255*, 3257*, Dane County ; soils 3246, 3248, subsoils 3247*, 

3249*, Rock County. 
Mechanical analyses 1498, 3245, 3247, 3249, 3251, 3253, 3254, 3255, 3257, 3259, 
published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 41. 

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS CONTAINING REFERENCES TO THE MECHAN- 
ICAL OR CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SAMPLES IN THIS COLLECTION. 

Cotton Production of Alabama, Eugene A. Smith. Tenth Census, Vol. VI, 1880. 

Cotton Production of California, E. W. Hilgard. Tenth Census, Vol. VI, 1880. 

Geological Survey of Alabama: Agricultural Features of the State, Eugene A. 
Smith. 1881-82. 

Soil Investigations, Milton Whitney. Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland 
Experiment Station, 1891. 

Some Physical Properties of Soils in their Relation to Moisture and Crop Produc- 
tion, Milton Whitney. Weather Bureau Bulletin No. 4, 1892. 

The Soils of Maryland, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment 
Station, 1893. 

Agriculture and Live Stock, Milton Whitney. Maryland: Its Resources, Indus- 
tries, and Institutions, 1893. 

Rice: Its Cultivation, Protection, and Distril)ution in the United States and For- 
eign Countries, Ainory Austin. With a chaptef on the Rice Soils of South Carolina, 
Milton Whitney. Report No. 6, Division of Statistics, 1893. 

Report of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, 1893. 

The Experiment Station at Bernbnrg, Germany, and its Methods of Sand Culture, 
H. Hellriegel. Experiment Station Record, Vol. V, No. 8, 1893-94. 

Relation of Soils to Crop Production, Milton Whitney. Yearbook, Department of 
Agriculture, 1894. 

The Soil of Lancaster County Limestone Belt in its Relation to Tobacco Culture, 
William Frear. Report of the Pennsylvania State College, 1894. 

Further Investigations on the Soils of Maryland, Milton Whitney and Sothoron 
Key. Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Station, 1894. 



70 SAMPLES, NOS. 1-1(5. 

Principles and Practice of Agricultural Aualysis, Dr. H. W. Wiley. Vol. I, No. 6, 
1894. 

The Growth of Lettuce as Affected by the Physical Properties of the Soil, B. T. 
Galloway. Agricultural Scieuie, Vol. VIII, No8. 6-il, 1894. 

The Water Content of Soils during the Month of July, Milton Whitney. Bulletin 
No. 3, Division of Soils, 1895. 

Notes by the Editor, Cleveland Abbe. Monthly' Weather Review, January, 1895. 

Preliminary Report of the Soils of Virginia, Milton Whitney. Report of the State 
Board of Agriculture of Virginia, 1895. 

Horticultural Experiments at Southern Pines, 1895. Bulletin No. 129, North Car- 
olina Agricultural Experiment Station. 

Texture of Some Important Soil Formations, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 5, 
Division of Soils, 1896. 

Some Interesting Soil Problems, Milton Whitney. Yearbook, Department of Agri- 
culture, 1897. 

Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, (ieo. P. Merrill. 1897. 

The Soils of Tennessee, Chas. F. Vanderford. Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee 
Experiment Station, 1897. 

A Reconnoissauce in Southeastern Washington, I. C. Russell. Water-Supply and 
Irrigation Papers of the United States Geological Survey, No. 4, 1897. 

Tobacco Soils of the United States: A Preliminary Report upon the Soils of the 
Principal Tobacco Districts, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, 
1898. 

A Preliminary Report on the Soils of Florida, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 13, 
Division of Soils, 1898. 

The Alkali Soils of the Yellowstone Valley, from a Preliminary Investigation of 
the Soils near Billings, Montana, Milton Whitney and Thos. H. Means. Bulletin No. 
14, Division of Soils, 1898. 

A Report to Congress on Agriculture in Alaska; including reports by W. H. Evans, 
Benton Killin, and Sheldon Jackson. Bulletin No. 48, Office of Experiment Sta- 
tions, 1898. 

Weathering of Diabase near Chatham, Virginia, Thos. L. Watson. The American 
Geologist, Vol. XXII, No. 2, August, 1898. 

LIST OF SOIL SAMPLES, ARRANGED SERIALLY. 

The following- is a list of the samples in the collection of the Division 
of Soils, arranged in the order of their serial numbers from 1 to -iOOO, 
with references to the pages of this bulletin on which data regarding 
the samples may be found : 

List of the noil HampleH, arranged serially from 1 to 4000. 




1-2 
3 
4 

5-6 

7 
8-9 
10-11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 



Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina 62 

Tol)a<!co land— Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania 60 

Truck land. Alarvland 48 

Tobaixo land (cigar type), Cuba 31 

Trurk land, Maryland 48 

Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Caroluia 62 

Tobacco land -Trenton liinc'stone, I'cnn.sylvania 60 

"Provision land, ' South Carolina 61 

Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina 62 

Clay slate, South Cainlina 61 

Greenhouse soil, Mas.sachusetls 50 

Tobacco land— Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania 60 



SAMPLES, NOS. 17-195. 71 

List of the soil samples, arranged seriaUy from 1 to ^C^ry— Continued. 




17 

18 

19 
20-23 
2-l-'i7 

28 

29 

■,w 

31 
32-35 
36 
37-39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44-45 
. 46 
47-49 
50 
51 
52-54 
55-50 
57-58 
59 
60-62 
63 
64 
65-72 
73-76 
77-78 
79-80 
81-86 
87-88 
89-90 
91-94 
95 
96 
97 
98-99 
100-107 
108 
109 
110-116 
117 
118-119 
120 
121-123 
124-126 
127 
128-129 
130 
131-133 
134 
135-136 
137-139 
140-143 
144-148 
149 
150 
151 
152 
153 
154-156 
157 
158-164 
165-171 
172-174 
175-177 
178-180 
181 
182-184 
185 
186 
187 
188-192 
193-194 
195 



Truck land, Maryland 

Truck land, New York 

Tobacco land (cigarette). North Carolina 

Truck land, New York 

Alluvial soil (rice land), South Carolina 

Unclaasifled, South Carolina 

Truck land, Kew York 

Alluvial soil (rice land). South Carolina 

Truck laud. New fork 

Sand Hills, South Carolina 

Truck land, New York 

Sand Hills, South Carolina 

Gneiss, North Carolina 

Trap, South Caroliua 

Trap (pipe clay), South Carolina 

Truck land, New York 

Trap, South Caroliua 

Trap (pipe clay) , South Carolina 

Talc, South Carolina 

Clay, pottery (kaolin). South Caroliua 

Talc, South Carolina - . -^ 

Gueiss, North Caroliua 

Truck land. New York 

Upper pine belt. South Carolina 

Alluvial soil (rice land), South Carolina 

Lower i)iue belt. South Carolina 

Greenhouse soil, Massacbusetts 

Lower pine belt, South Carolina 

Hammock (ridge land). South Carolina 

Red Hill formation, South Carolina 

Sand Hills, South Caroliua 

Hammock (ridge laud), South Carolina 

Sea Island cotton and truck soil. South Carolina 

"Provision land," South Carolina 

Sea Island cotton ami truck soil. South Carolina ... 

Red Hill fonnation. South Carolina 

Truck land, Massachusetts 

Sand Hills, South Carolina 

Red Hill formation, South Carolina 

Sand Hills, South Carolina 

Gneiss, South Carolina 

Unclassified, South Carolina 

Gneiss, South Carolina 

Sea Island cotton and truck soil. South Carolina... 

Tobacco laud (cigarette). North Carolina 

Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina. . . 

"Provision land," South Carolina 

Lower pine belt. South Carolina 

Red Hill formation. South Carolina 

Clay slate. South Carolina 

Gneiss, Maryland ■ ■ - - 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River, Kentucky - 

Gahhro, Maryland 

Serpentine, Maryland 

Quartzite, Maryland 

Trenton limestone, Maryland 

Chesapeake, Maryland 

Truck land, Maryland 

Unclassified, Maryland 

Eocene marl— glauconite, Maryland 

Miocene marl, Maryland 

Chesapeake (diatomaceous earth), Maryland 

Unclassified, Rhode Island 

Chesapeake, Maryland 

Truck— Chesapeake, Maryland 

Chesapeake, Maryland ■ 

Truck— Eocene, Maryland 

Trenton limestoue, Maryland 

Triassic rod sandstone, Maryland • 

Chesapeake, Maryland 

Chesapeake (diatomaceous earth), Maryland 

Chesapeake, Maryland - 

Chesapeike (diatomaceous earth), Maryland 

Miocene marl, Maryland 

1 Truck land, Massachusetts 

j Miocene marl, Maryland 

Eocene marl— glauconite, Maryland 

Alluvial soil, Massachusetts 



56 

57 

56 

61 

62 

56 

61 

56 

62 

56 

62 

56 

62 

62 

56 

62 

62 

62 

61 

62 

56 

56 

62 

61 

61 

50 

61 

61 

62 

62 

61 

62 

61 

62 

62 

50 

62 

62 

62 

61 

62 

61 

62 

57 

62 

61 

61 

62 

61 

45 

40 

45 

47 

47 

46 

44 

48 

49 

47 

47 

44 

60 

44 

48 

41 

48 

46 

47 

44 

44 

44 

44 

47 

50 

47 

47 

49 



72 SAMPLER, NOS. 196-105. 

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 io 4000 — Contiimcd. 




196-197 

198-208 

209 

210 

211 

212 

213 

214 

215-219 

220-225 

226-228 

229-230 

231 

232 

233 

234-237 

238 

239-240 

241-244 

245-266 

267-273 

274 

275 

276 

277 

278 

279 

280 

281 

282 

283-284 

285 

286 

287 

288 

289 

290 

291-292 

293-294 

295-298 

299-302 

303 

304-305 

306-311 

312-317 

318-321 

322 

323 

324-326 

327 

328 

329-330 

331 

332-333 

334-335 

S36 

337 

338 

339 

340 

341-343 

344 

345 

346 

347 

348-353 

354-381 

382 

383-387 

388-391 

392-395 

396-397 

398 

399 

400-401 

402 

403 

404-405 



Eocene marl, Maryland 

Columbia, Lower— river terrace, Maryland 

Truck — Lafayette, Maryland .' 

Lafayette — piue barrens, Maryland 

Cretaceous marl, Maryland 

Unclassified — quicksand, Maryland 

Cretaceous marl, Maryland 

Eoeen(^ marl, Maryland 

Pliillitc, Man land 

Holilcrber;^ linicstoue, Marylaiul 

OrisUaiiy, Maryland 

.Sandstone, West Virgiuia 

Trenton limestone, Maryland 

Sandstone, West Virginia 

Salina saiidsloue, jMarylaiul 

Hainiltoii-(Jlu inung, Maryland 

(Jatskill, Maryland • 

Clintou-Xiagara, Maryland 

Catoctin granite, Maryland 

Cbesapealie, Maryland 

Trnck land, Maryland 

Eocene marl, Maryland 

Unclassitied, Maryland 

Lafayette— pine barrens, Maryland 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River, Kentucky. 

Columbia, Lower — river terrace, Maryland 

Unclassitied, Rhode Island 

Chi'sai>t<ake, ;\laryland 

Truck land, Maryland 

Triassic red sandstone, Maryland 

Truck land, Maryland 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River, Kentucky. 

Cbesapeake, Maryland 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River, Kentucky. 

Helderberg limestone, Maryland 

Hamilton-Cliemung, Maryland 

Oriskany, Mary kind 

Limestone — gunpowder lime land, Alabama 

Unclassitied, Alabama 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River, Kentucky. 

Prairie, Illinois 

Clay, stoneware, Maryland 

Clay, tile, Maryland . .' 

Tobacco land (cigar type), Cuba 

Trenton limestone, Maryland 

Chesapeake, Maryland 

Prairie, Kansas 

Prairie— black waxy soil, Kansas 

Prairie (corn land) ,"Kansas 

Adobe, California 

Fresno Plains, California 

Tulare Plains, (California 

Unclassi liiil (salt giass soil), California 

Unclassili<(l (ndeliaparral), California 

Wheat l.iiiil, California 

Adobe, (Jalifornia 

Mojave Desert, California. 



Uiulassitied— fruit land of southern California (mesa), California 
Unclassitied— fruit land of southern California, California 



Unelassihed (red chaparral), California 

Adobe, California 

Unclassified, California 

Alkali land, California 

Tulare Plains (wire-grass soil), California. 

Diabase, MassachuBetts 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Truck land, Virginia 

Unclassified, Virginia 

Truck land, Virginia 

Prairie — loess, Nebraska 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Prairie— r>entou limestone, Kansas 

Prairie— plains marl, Kansas 

Prairie— blue-stem soil, Kansas 

Prairie— i)lains marl, Kansas 

Alluvial soil, Kansas 

Prairie— blue-stem soil, Kansas 

Prairie — plains marl, Kansas 



SAMPLES, NOS. 406-635, 
List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 



73 



No. of 
sample. 



Classification. 



406 

407 

408-410 

411-412 

413 

414 

415-416 

417-418 

419-420 

421-422 

423-424 

425-426 

427-428 

429-430 

431-435 

436-438 

439-442 

443 

444 

445-446 

447-448 

449-450 

451-454 

455-456 

457-461 

462-463 

464-465 

466-479 

480 

481 

482 

483 

484-489 

490-491 

492-495 

496-497 

498-499 

500 

501 

502-507 

508 

509 

510-511 

512-515 

516-517 

518-519 

520-521 

522-52:5 

524-525 

526-527 

528 

529 

530-531 

532 

533 

534-535 

536-537 

538-539 

540-541 

542-543 

544-547 

548-549 

550-551 

552-553 

554-555 

556 

557 

558-559 

560-591 

502 

593-597 

598-610 

611 

612 

613 614 

615 

616-618 

619-635 



Praiiie, Kansas 

Prairie— gypsum soil, Kansas 

Prairie, Kansas 

Prairie — plains marl, Nebraska 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Prairie — plains marl, Nebraska 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Prairie — loess, Nebraska 

Prairie — Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Prairie— loess, Nebraska 

Prairie — plains marl, Kansas 

Prairie — Benton limestone, Kansas 

Prairie — blue-stem soil, Kansas 

Prairie — plains marl, Kansas 

Shales (rye land). New York ,. 

Prairie — "plains marl, Kansas 

Unclassitiod, Alabama 

Truck— Eocene, Maryland 

Prairie — Benton limestone, Kansas 

Prairie — Dakota sandstone, Kansas 

Limestone, Trenton; Virginia 

Prairie — Benton limestone, Kansas 

Alluvial soil, Kansas 

Limestone, Trenton ; Virginia 

Limestone — Knox dolomite, Tennessee 

Lenore limestone, Tennessee 

Truck land, Maryland 

ChesapcaLe, Maryland 

Truck land, Maryland 

Unclassitied, Maryland 

Clay, pottery, Maryland 

Limestone, Trenton ; Virginia 

Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands"), Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Lime'stone, St. Louis ("red lands ")t Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Alluvial soil, Massachusetts 

Truck laud, Massachusetts 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Truck land. Massachusetts 

Limestone — Knox dolomite, Alabama 

Cambrian shale, Alabama 

Lafaj'ette (orange sands), Alabama 

Truck land, Rhode Island 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Cretaceous, A laibama 

Truck land, Rhode Island 

Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands "), Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Truck land, New Yoik 

Gneis.s — hornblendic, Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Truck land. New York 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Limestone- Knox dolomite, Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Truck land, New York 

Gneiss, Alabama 

Limestone — Knox dolomite, Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Gneiss, Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands) , Alabama 

Coal measures, Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Truck land. New York 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Truck land. New York 

Truck land, Maryland 

Clay, brick, Maryland 

Truck land, Maryland 

Chesapeake, Maryland 

(lUtnbo, New Mexico 

Adobe, New Mexico 

Mesa soil. New Mexico 

Dead land (coarse), New Mexico 

Truck land. New York , 

Limestone, Trenton ; Virginia 



74 SAMPLES, NOS. r,36-842. 

List of Ihr samjths, arrangrd HeriaUii from 1 to -WOU — Coiil iimcfl. 



No.cf 
sample. 



636-640 

641-650 

1 if. 1-656 

657 

658-659 

660-661 

662-66!) 

664-667 

668-<>6'.l 

670-671 

672 

67H-680 

681-682 

683 

684 

685-686 

687-689 

690-698 

699-700 

701-702 

70;i-7(l8 

709-712 

713-714 

715-716 

717-718 

719-720 

721-722 

723-724 

725-726 

727 

728-729 

730-733 

734-737 

738-739 

740 

741-742 

743 

744-750 

751 

752 

753 

754-755 

756 

757-763 

764 

765 

766-775 

776-777 

778-779 

780-783 

784-788 

789 

790 

791-792 

793 

794 

795 

796-797 

798 

799-800 

801 

802 

803 

804-813 

814 

815-818 

819 

820-823 

824 

825-829 

830 

331 

832 

833-835 

836-837 

838-840 

841 

842 



Classification. 



Page 
in 
this 
bulle- 
tin. 



Tobacco laud (cigar typo), Pennsylvania 

Tobacco land (nianufactiuing and export) — gabbro, Virginia 

Tobacco lanil (iiianuractiiiing and export) — gneiss, Virginia 

Linicstoni', Trenton ; Virginia 

Tobacco biTid (man ii tact iiring and export)— gneisa, Virginia 

Prairie — lien ton limes tone, Kansas 

Cambrian shales, Alabama 

Limestone — Knox dolomite, Alabama 

Limestone, Trenton; Alabama 

I'rairie, Alabama 

Cretaceous (greensaud), Alabama 

Gneiss, Alabama 

Prairie— Tertiary, Nebraska 

Hnclassitied (Cre'sb molding clay), Pennsylvania 

Dead land (fine). New Mexico 

Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska 

Wind-blown du.st, or " black snow,' Nebraska 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Unclassified, Calitbrnia 

Unclassified, Mississippi 

Alluvial soil, Ohio 

Limestone — Knox dolomite, Teunes.see 

Lenore limestone, Tennessee 

Cambrian — Knox shales, Tennessee 

Limestone, St. Louis : Tennessee '. ... 

Coal measures, Tennessee 

Subcarbonileroiis, Siliceous group — Keokuk — barrens, Tennessee 

Nashville limestone, Tennessee 

Limestone, St. Louis; Tennessee 

Unclassified (midding sand), Pennsylvania 

Tobacco land (cigar type), (Connecticut 

Cretaceous (flat woods), Tennessee 

Lafayette (orange sands), Tennessee 

Loess, Tennessee 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Tobacco land (cigarette). North Carolina 

Tobacco land (cigarette), "West Virginia 

Tobacco land (cigarette). North Carolina 

Tobacco land (cigarette). South Carolina 

Tobacco land (eiganlte), Louisiana '. 

Tobacco land (cij;arette), Virginia 

Tobacco land (ciizanttei. North Carolina 

Tobacco land (eit;arette). West Virginia 

Tobacco land (< iuarette). North Carolina .■ 

Tobacco land (ciuarette). South Carolina 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Louisiana 

Wheat land of tlu^ Eastern Shore, ilaryland 

Wheat land of the Kastern Shore ("white-oak laud"), Maryland 

Cambrian — Knox sandstone, Tennessee 

Unclassiljed, M ississippi 

Unclassilied. ( )lilalionia 

Tobacco land (cigarot te), Virginia 

Unclassified, Oklahoma 

I'rairie, Colorado 

Alkali land, Colorado 

Alluvial soil, Connecticut 

rnclassified, ( »k la horn a 

Drift, glacnal, Khodo Island 

Fresno Plains, California 

Clay, biick M ary land 

Unclassilied (^lass sand. No. 1 grade), Maryland 

Unclassilied (Ljlass sand. No. 2 grade), Maryland 

Unclassified, M;iryland 

Truck land, Mai y land 

Tobacco land (eii;anlle). Virginia 

Truck land, Maryland 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Unclassified, jSIassachusetts 

Alluvial .soil— black s wamjt muck, Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Hammock land, Alabama 

'fobacco land (cigar tyiio), Connecticut 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama • 

Hammock, Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Post-oak tlatwoods, Alabama 

Lafayette' (orange sands), Alabama 

Tobacco laud (cigar type), Connecticut 



60 
67 
67 
66 
67 
37 
22 
23 
23 
24 
22 
23 
53 
60 
55 
53 
54 
67 
29 
51 
58 
64 
64 
63 
64 
64 
65 
64 
64 
60 
30 
64 
64 
65 
67 
56 
69 
56 
62 
42 
67 
5e 
63 
56 
62 
42 
49 
49 
63 
51 
59 
67 
59 
29 
29 
30 
59 
60 
27 
44 
49 
49 
49 
48 
67 
48 
67 
50 
22 
23 
23 
30 
23 
23 
23 
24 
23 
30 



SAMPLES, NOS. 843-1057. 75 

List of the .soil samj)les, arranrjed serially from 1 to 4000 — Coutiuued. 



No. of 
sample. 



843-845 

846-847 

848 

849 

850-851 

852-854 

855-856 

857-858 

859-860 

861 

862 

863 

864-866 

867 

868-871 

872 

873 

874 

875 

876-878 

879 

880 

881 

882-887 

888-891 

892 

893-895 

896-900 

901 

902-904 

905-910 

911 

912-919 

920 

921-937 

938-946 

947-949 

950-958 

959 

960-963 

964 

965 

966 

967-968 

969 

970-971 

972-975 

976-977 

978-979 

980 

981-982 

983-986 

987-988 

989 

990-992 

993 

994-998 

999 

1000-1001 

1002 

1003-1004 

1005-1007 

1008 

1009-1010 

lOU-1012 

1013 

1UI4-1016 

1017-1018 

1019-1020 

1U21 

1022-1023 

1024-1035 

1036-1038 

1039 

1040-1049 

1050-1051 

1052-1053 

1054-1057 



Clasaiflcation. 



Prairie, Alabama 

Limestone, St. Louis {•' red lands"), Alabama 

Unclassitied, Alabama 

LTnclassified (i)ipe clay), Alabama 

Lime.stone, St. Louis '(" red lands "), Alabama 

Barrens, Alabama 

Hammock, Alabama 

Limestone — Quebec dolomite, Alabama 

Barrens, Alabama 

Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands"), Alabama 

Limestone— Knox dolomite, Alabama 

Unclassitied, Alabama 

Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands "), Alabama 

Tobacco laud (cigar type), Massachusetts 

Lafayette (oranM sands), Alabama 

Limestone — QutJbeo dolomite, Alabama 

Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands"), Alabama 

Unclassified, Alabama 

Tobacco land (cigar tyjie), Massachusetts 

Limestone — Knox dolomite, Alabama 

Limestone — Quebec dolomite, Alabama 

Lafayette (orange sands) , Alabama 

Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts 

I Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama 

Helderbeig limestone, Maryland 

Oriskauy, Maryland 

Hamiltou— -Chemung, Maryland 

Catskill, Maryland 

Tobacco liind (cigar type), Massachusetts 

Catskill, Maryland 

I Hamilton — Chemung, Maryland 

Unclassified, AVest Virginia 

Hudson Kiver shale, Maryland 

Tobacco land (cigar tyije), Massachusetts 

Trenton limestone, Maryland 

Cambrian sandstoue, Maryland 

Triassic red sandstoue, Maryland 

Phillite, Maryland 

Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut 

Drift, glacial, Connecticut 

Unclassified (timber), Oklahoma 

Unclassified (blue-stem soil), Oklahoma 

Limestone. California 

Alluvial, California 

Unclassified— fruit land of southern California, California. 

Unclassified, Massachusetts 

Drift, glacial, Rhode Island 

" Transition graywacke," Rhode Island 

Drift, glacial, Rhode Island 

Carboniferous conglomerate, Rhode Island 

Drift, glacial, Rhode Island 

Alluvial soil, Washington 

Unclassified, Washington 

Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut 

Alluvial soil, Washington 

Volcanic ash, Washington 

Alluvial soil (rice land), North Carolina 

Tobacco land (cigar typo), Massachusetts 

Alluvial soil (rice laud), North Carolina 

Unclassified, Washington 

1 Basalt, Washington 

Alluvial soil, Washington 

Unclassified, Washington 

! Alluvial soil, Massachusetts 

i Alluvial soil, Connecticut 

Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts 

Triassic red sandstone, Connecticut 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River ; Kentucky 

I Unclassified, fruit land of southern California, California.. 

Alluvial soil, California 

Volcanic ash, Washington 

Gabbro, ]^laryland 

Gneiss, Maryland 

Tobacco land (ci^ar type), Massachusetts 

Gneiss, Maryland 

Alluvial soil, Washington 

Unclassified, Massachusetts 

Alluvial soil, Massachusetts 



this 
bulle- 
tin. 



24 
23 
24 
24 
23 
22 
23 
23 
22 
23 
23 
24 
23 
50 
23 
23 
23 
24 
50 
23 
23 
23 
50 
23 
46 
47 
45 
44 
50 
44 
45 



46 
50 
46 
43 
47 
47 
30 
30 
59 
59 
28 
27 
28 
50 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
68 
68 
30 



76 SA]\rPLES, NOS. 1058-i:?:?l. 

Lisf of the soil sdinpleH, arranged xeridJly from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 




1058 

1059-1000 

1001-10G2 

1063-1004 

1065-1066 

1067-1068 

1069-1070 

1071-1072 

1073-1074 

1075-1076 

1077-1078 

1079-1084 

1085-1088 

1089-1093 

1094-1095 

1096-1097 

1098-1099 

1100-1103 

1104-1105 

1106 

1107 

1108-1109 

1110-1114 

1115 

.1116 

1117-1118 

1119 

1120-1123 

1124-1172 

1173 

1174-1182 

1183-1198 

1199-1201 

1202-1219 

1220-1221 

1222-1225 

1226 

1227-1240 

1241-1244 

1245-1246 

1247 

1248-1249 

1250 

1251 

1252 

1253 

1254 

1255-1259 

1260 

1261-1262 

1263-1264 

1265-1270 

1271-1273 

1*4-1275 

1276-1277 

1278-1289 

1290-1293 

1294-1295 

1296-1299 

1300 

1301 

1302-1305 

1306 

1307-1308 

1309-1310 

1311-1312 

1313-1314 

1315-1318 

1319-1321 

1322 

1323 

1324 

1325 

1326-1327 

1328 

1329 

1330 

l;i:!i 



Unclassified, California 

Coal measures, Kentucky 

Triassic red sandsloiie, Oonnecticut 

Unclassified, Connecticut 

Tobacco land (cigar typo), Connecticut 

Triassic red sandstone, Connecticut 

Brill, glacial, Connecticut 

Uuclassilied, Connecticut 

Alluvial soil, Connecticut 

Unchiasificd. Conmiticiit 

Unclassjli(!d, Okhilioina 

Triassic iid sands I one, Maryland 

Trenton linu-atone, Maryland 

Pliillire, Maryland 

Devonian black slate glades, Kentucky 

Upper Silurian, Kintueky ' 

Limestone, St. Louis group of Subcarboniferous ("rich barrens"), Kentucky. 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson iiivor; Kentucky 

Limes ton(\ Carbonifrrous, Kentucky 

Tobacco land (ciuar t\ po), Massachusetts .- 

Unclassified, Oklalioilia 

Uuclasaitiicl. Massachusetts 

Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts 

Alhn ial soil (prairie), California. 

LIuclasaified, California 

Drift, glacial, Connecticut 

Unclassified, Nevada 

Chesapeake, Maryland 

Wheat lar.d of the Eastern Shore, Maryland 

Tobacco land (cigar ty|)e), Massachusetts 

Wheat land of the Eastern Shore, Maryland 

Truck land, Maryland 

Wheat land of Eastern Shore, Maryland 

TriK'k land, ^larvlaiid ;. 

Wheat land of ICasttiii Shore, Maryland 

Truck laiul, Maryland 

Wheat l.uid of Eastern Shore, Maryland 

Truck land, :Marylaiid 

Gabbro. Maryland 

(Ineiss, -Maryland 

Tobacco land (c-igar type), Massachusetts 

Gneiss, Maryland ...." 

Tobacco land (cigar typo), Massachusetts , 

Gneiss, Maryland 

Tobacco lanii (cigar tyjje), Connecticut 

(xueiss, Maryland 

Tobacco hnul (cigar type), Connecticut 

Gneiss. MarUatnl " , 

Tobacco land. Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania 

Unclassilicd, Massachusetts 

Alluvial soil, :\lassacliusetts 

Uuclassilied. Massachusetts 

Tobacco land (cigar type). Massachusetts 

Unclassihed, Connecticut , 

Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut 

Tobacco land (cigar type). New York 

Unclassified, Nevada 

Waverly siindstone (Lower Subcarboniferous — " wliito oak land"), Kentucky. 

Truck land, Mar\land 

Wheatland of Eastern Shore, Maryland 

Truck land, Marybuxl 

Tobacco lanil (ciirar tyi"), Connecticut. 

Prairie — loess, Illinois 

Loess — Illinois 

Prairie — loess, Illinois 

Loess, Illinois. 

Prairie — loess, Illinois 

Loess, Illinoi." 

I'rairie — loess, Illinois 

Glacial drift, Illinois. 

Loess, Illinois - 

Prairie — loess, Illinois 

Prairie— ( Jalcna limestone, lUinoi.s . 

Glacial drift, Illinois . 

Prairii» — loess, Illinois 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia . 

Loess. Illinois 

Prairie — loess, Illinois 




29 

39 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

59 

47 

46 

47 

39 

40 

40 

40 

39 

50 

59 

50 

50 

27 

29 

30 

54 

44 

49 

50 

49 

48 

49 

18 

49 

48 

49 

48 

45 

45 

50 

45 

50 

45 

30 

45 

30 

45 

60 

50 

49 

50 

50 

30 

30 

56 

54 

40 

48 

49 

48 

30 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

35 

36 

36 

36 

35 

36 

67 

36 

36 



SAMPLES, NOS. 1332-1524. 
List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 



77 



Classification. 



Loess, Illinois , 

Glacial diitt (prairie), Illinois 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Glacial cliit't — bowlder clay, Illinois 

Gljicial drift, Illinois , 

Prairie — loess, Illinois 

Loess, Illinois 

Glacial .drift, Illinois 

Glacial drift (prairie), Illinois 

Prairie— gumbo, Illinois 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Prairie — loess, Illinois 

Loess, Illinois 

Glacial diift, Illinois 

Loess, Illinois , 

Glacial drift, Illinois 

Loess, Illinois 

Prairie — loess, Illinois 

Loess, Illinois 

Glacial drift, Illinois 

Tobacco land (cigar type), New York 

Unclassitied (alluvium-prairie), Oklahoma 

Tobacco land (cigar type). Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania 

Unclassitied (prairie), Oklahoma 

Tobacco laud (cigar type), Connecticut 

Glacial drift, Illinois 

Prairie— loess, Illinois 

Loess, Illinois 

Glacial drift (prairie), Illinois 

Prairie— loess, Illinois 

Unclassified, Illinois 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Prairie — loess, Illinois 

Subcarboniferous, Illinois 

Limestone— Keokuk (Lower Subcarboniferous), Kentucky 

Short-leaf pine uplands, Mississippi 

Flatwoods, Mississippi •- 

Prairie, Mississippi 

Unclassified, Mississippi 

Pontotoc ridge, Mississippi 

Unclassified, New York 

Limestone, St. Louis group of Subcarboniferovis ("rich barrens "), Kentucky 

Glacial drift — bowlder clay, Illinois , 

Unclassified, N evada 

Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska 

Drift, Louisiana 

All uvium, Ked River, Louisiana 

Drift, Louisiana 

Lafayette (orange sands), Louisiana 

Prairie, Louisiana 

Cretaceous, Louisiana 

Lafayette (orange sands), Louisiana 

Drift, Louisiana 

Acadia clay, Louisiana -• 

Unclassified, Louisiana 

Lafayette (orange sands), Louisiana 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Lafayette (orange sands), Louisiana 

Lafayette, District of Columbia 

Prairie— Tertiary, Nebraska -• 

Prairie — Cretaceous (Dakota group), Nebraska 

Prairie— unclassified, Kansas 

Volcanic ash, Kansas 

Long-leaf-pine region, Mississippi 

Prairie, Missi.^si ppi 

Unclassitied, Mis.-<issippi 

Live-oak hnid, Mi.ssissijjpi 

Wheatland, Minnesota 

Glacial drift — bowlder clay, Illinois 

Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska 

Prairie —Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska 

Wheat land, Minnesota 

Lacustrine— Red River Valley, Minnesota 

Tobacco land (cigar type) — limestone, Wisconsin 

Alluvium, Mississippi River; Louisiana 

Unclassified, Louisiana 

Alluvium, Red River, Louisiana 

Truck land, North Carolina : 



Page 
in 
this 
bulle- 
tin. 



35 
67 
35 
35 
36 
36 
35 
35 
36 
67 
36 
36 
35 
36 
35 
36 
36 
36 
35 
56 
59 
60 
59 
30 
35 
36 
36 
35 
36 
36 
67 
36 
38 
39 
5i 
51 
51 
51 
51 
56 
40 
35 
54 
53 
41 
41 
41 
41 
42 
41 
41 
41 
41 
42 
41 
67 
41 
32 
53 
53 
38 
39 
51 
51 
51 
51 
51 
35 
53 
53 
51 
51 
69 
41 
42 
41 
57 



78 SAMPLES, NOS. 1525-1776. 

List of the soil samjjles, arranijed serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 



No. of 

sample. 




1525-1532 
1533-1534 
1535-1541 

1.''.42 

1543-1546 

1547-1550 

1551-1560 

1561-1566 

1567-1568 

1569-1571 

1572-1579 

1580-1581 

1582-1587 

1588-1591 

1592 

1593-1601 

1602-1603 

1604 

1605 

1606-1608 

1609 

1610 

1611 

1612 

1613 

1614 

1615-1616 

1617 

1618 

1619-1620 

1621-1622 

1623-1624 

1625-1620 

1627-1632 

1633-1634 

1635-1636 

1637-1638 

1639 

1640 

1641-1650 

1651-1652 

1653 

1654 

1655-1656 

1657-1658 

1659-1660 

1661-1662 

1663-1669 

1670-1671 

1672-1677 

1678-1686 

1687 

1688-1689 

1690 

1691-1701 

1702 

1703 

1704-1705 

1706-1711 

1712-1717 

1718 

1719-1720 

1721 

1722 

1723-1744 

1745-1746 

1747-1748 

1749-1750 

1751 

1752-1758 

1759-1760 

1761-1762 

1763-1764 

1765-1771 

1772-1773 

1774 

1775 

1776 



Pocoson region, North Carolina 

Truck land, North Carolina 

Unclassitied, North Carolina 

Truck land, North Carolina 

TJnclas.sificd. Nurlli Carolina 

Truck land, Nmtli Carolina 

CJnclasHJlicd, North Carolina 

Truck land, North Carolina 

Uncla.s.silicd, North Carolina 

Truck land. North Carolina 

Unclas.sitk'(l, North Carolina 

Truck land, North Carolina 

Uncla.s.silicd, North Carolina 

Truck land, Virginia 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Truck land, Virginia 

Greenhou.sB soil, Massachusetts 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky 

Tobacco land (ciganttc). \'irginia 

Prairie, Kan.saa 

Prairie — loess, Kansas 

Prairie, Kansas 

Prairie— Dakota sandstone, Kansas 

Prairie — plains marl, Kansas 

Unclassitied (molding sand), Maryland 

Tobacco laud (cigarette), North Carolina 

Greenhouse soil tpropajiatiug sand). District of Columbia - . . 

Prairie — unclassitied, Nebraska 

Volcanic ash, Kansas 

High pine laud, Florida 

Etonia scrub, Florida 

High pine land, Florida 

Rich heavy hammock, Florida 

Truck land, New Jersey 

Cretaceous, New Jersey 

Truck land. New Jersey 

Cretaceous, New Jersey 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Unclassitied (glass sand), Connecticut 

Truck land, New Jersey ■ 

('retaceons, New Jersey 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Truck land. New Jersey 

Cretaceous, New Jersey 

Miocene, New Jersey 

Flatwoods, Florida '. 

Truck land, New Jersey 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Prairie — loess, Nebraska 

Sand Hills, Kansas 

Prairie, Kansas 

Silt from irrigation ditch, Kansas 

Prairie — salt-grass land, Kansas 

Prairie — gypsum soil. Kansas 

Prairie. Kansas .' 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky 

Trenton linustone, Tennessee 

Tobacco land (cigar type)— Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania 

Unclassified, Virginia 

Prairie —loess, Nebraska 

Trenton limestone, Tennessee 

Limestone, St. Louis; Tennessee 

Shale (rye land). New York 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Truck land, New Jersey 

Cretaceous, New Jersey 

Truck land, New .Jersey 

Miocene, New Jersey 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Truck laud. New Jersey 

Cretaceous, New Jersey 

Truck land, New Jersey 

(!retaceous, New Jersey 

Truck land. New Jersey 

Cretaceous, New Jersey 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Prairie — blue-stem soil, Kansiis 

Prairie— plains marl, Kansas 



56 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
67 
67 
67 
50 
40 
67 
38 
38 
38 
38 
38 
49 
57 
32 
54 
39 
33 
33 
33 
33 
55 
55 
55 
55 
67 
31 
55 
55 
67 
55 
55 
55 
33 
55 
67 
53 
39 
38 
39 
38 
38 
38 
40 
64 
60 
68 
53 
64 
64 
56 
67 
55 
55 
55 
55 
67 
55 
55 
55 
55 
55 
55 
07 
38 
38 



SAMPLES, NOS. 1777-1972. 79 

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to ^^>r;r^— Continued. 




1777 

1778 

1779-1780 

1781-1782 

1783 

1784 

1785 

1786 

1787-1788 

1789 

1790-1791 

1792 

1793 

1794-1795 

1796 

1797-1801 

1802 

1803-1804 

1805-1806 

1807 

1808-1809 

1810-1832 

1833 

1834-1843 

1844-1845 

1846 

1847 

1848-1853 

1854-1855 

1856-1857 

1858-1863 

1864-1869 

1870 

1871-1876 

1877 

1878-1881 

1882-1884 

1885 

1886-1889 

1890-1897 

1898 

1899 

1900-1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906-1913 

1914 

1915-1916 

1917-1918 

1919-1920 

1921-1922 

1923-1926 

1927 

1928 

1929-1930 

1931 

1932 

1933 

1934-1935 

1936 

1937-1939 

1940-1941 

1942-1952 

1953-1954 

1955 

1956 

1957 

1958-1961 

1962-1963 

1964-1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 



Prairie, Kansas. 

Prairie — alkali, Kansas 

Sedentary soil, Kansas 

Prairie — plains marl, Kansas 

Prairie — plains marl, Colorado 

Prairie — iilains marl, Kansas 

Prairie. Colorado 

Prairie — plains marl, Kansas 

Alluvial soil— cranberry bog, New Jersey 

Prairie — plains marl, Kansas 

Sedentary soil, Kansas 

Volcanic asb, Kansas 

Prairie — magnesia soil, Kansas 

Prairie— plains marl, Nebraska 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Prairie— plains marl, Nebraska 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Prairie — plains marl, Nebraska - 

Prairie— magnesia soil, Nebraska 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Prairie— plains marl, Nebraska 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Tobacco land (cigarette) , Virginia 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Prairie— plains marl, Colorado 

Prairie, Colorado 

Greenhouse soil, Connecticut 

Limestone. Trenton and Hudson Ki ver ; Kentucky 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Prairie (wheat land), South Dakota 

Prairie— lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red Itiver Valley), North Dakota. 

Prairie — loess, Nebraska 

Prairie, Colorado 

Trenton limestone, Tennessee 

Prairie, Kansas 

Limestone, St. Louis group, Tennessee 

Prairie, Kansas 

Prairie — gypsum soil, Kansas 

Prairie, Kansas 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Unclassified, Virginia 

Gneiss, North Carolina 

Unclassified, North Carolina 

Tobacco land (cigarette). North Carolina 

Unclassified, North Carolina 

Tobaccoland (cigarette), North Carolina 

Tobacco land (cigarette) (pipeclay), North Carolina 

Tobacco land (cigarette). North Carolina 

Unclassified, North Carolina 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Unclassified, Pennsylvania 

Tobacco laiid (cigar type)— Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania 

Drift, Alabama 

Cretaceous, Alabama 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky' 

Gabbro, Maryland 

Trenton limestone, Tennessee 

i Cambrian— Knox sandstone (cigarette tobacco), Tenues.sce 

j Limestone, St. Louis; Tennessee 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River ; Kentucky 

! Tobaccoland (cigar tyi)e), Massachusetts 

; Tobacco land (cigar type). New York 

i Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut 

j Prairie — gumbo, Kansas 

I Muck land, Florida 

Gray hammock, Florida 

Unclassified, Florida 

Gray hammock, Florida • 

Wind-blown dust or "black snow," Indiiina 

Tobacco land (cigar type), Cuba 

Prairie — gumbo, Kansas 

Tobacco land (cigar tyite), Cuba - - 

Clay, pottery (china clay). New Jersey 

Clay, pottery (china clay), Delaware 

Clay, pottery (glass pots and fire brick), Missouri 

Clay, pottery, Ohio 

Clay, pottery (Albany slip clay), New York 

Clay, pottery (crude ball clay), Kentucky 



38 

37 

39 

38 

30 

38 

30 

38 

54 

38 

39 

39 

38 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

54 

67 

54 

30 

30 

30 

40 

54 

63 

58 

53 

29 

64 

38 

64 

38 

38 

38 

67 

68 

56 

57 

57 

57 

57 

57 

57 

57 

54 

60 

60 

22 

22 

40 

45 

64 

63 

64 

40 

50 

56 

30 

38 

34 

33 

34 

33 

37 

31 

38 

31 

54 

31 

52 

58 

55 

39 



80 



SAMPLES, NOS. 1973-2240 



List of the soil samples, arroni/ed seriaUj/ from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 



No. of 
sample. 



1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977-1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984-1988 

1989 

1990-1991 

1992-1994 

1995 

1996 

1997 

1998-2008 

2009-2014 

2015 

2016-2025 

2026-2032 

2033-2040 

2041-2056 

2057-2058 

2059-'j069 

2070-2073 

2074-2075 

2076-2085 

2(186-2087 

2088-2091 

2092-2093 

2094-2095 

2096-2097 

2098-2103 

2104-2105 

2106-2107 

2108-2109 

2110-2111 

2112-2113 

2114-2117 

2118-2120 

2121-2124 

2125-2126 

2127 

2128-2129 

2130 

2131-2133 

2134-2142 

2143 

2144-2162 

2163-2164 

2165-2168 

2169 

2170-2181 

2182-2183 

2184 

2185-2186 

2187-2190 

2191-2194 

2195-2202 

2203-2206 

2207-2210 

2211 

2212-2214 

2215-2225 

2226-2228 

2229 

2230 

2231 

2232 

2233 

2234 

2235-2236 

2237 

2238 

2239 

2240 



Classification. 



Clay, pottery (ground feldspar), Pennsylvania 

Clay, pottery (ground Corn wall stone), England 

(Jlay, ))()l1ory (china clay), Delaware 

Clay, jiolti ry (kaolin), Florida 

Clay, potli^ry (.stoneware clay), Ohio 

Clay, ])olt('ry (ciiule kaoliiiK Ohio 

Clay, poll cry (washed kaolin), Ohio 

IhKlas.sili(>(i, North Carolina 

Toliaciii land (ciiiar type), Cuba 

(Treenlioiise soil, Ohio 

AVheat land of Eastern Shore, Maryland 

Truck land, Maryland 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson Kivor; Kentucky 

Hij^h jiine laud. Florida 

Wind-blown dii.st or "black snow," Indiana 

Unclassilicd, North Carolina 

Tobacco land (manufacturing; and export), Virginia 

Limestone, Trenton, Vii'giuia 

Truck land, Virginia 

Truck land, Maryland 

Tobacco land (sun cured), Virginia 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Limestone, Trenton, Virginia 

Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Limestone, Trenton, Virginia 

Tobacco laud (manufacturing and export), Virginia 

Prairie— Carboniferous, Nebr.aska 

Prairie — Cretaceous (Dakota grou])), Nebraska 

Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska 

Prairie — (Jretaceous (Dakota group), Nebraska 

Prairie — Tertiarj', Nebraska 

Prairie— Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska 

I'rairie — Tertiary, Nebiaska 

Prairie — Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska 

Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska 

Prairie — Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska 

Prairie — Tertiary, Ncbi-aska 

Prairie — Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska 

Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska 

Prairie — Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska '. 

Prairie— Tertiary, Nebraska 

Truck land, Maryland 

Tob.icco land (cigarette), Virginia 

Toll: I ceo land (sun cured), Virginia 

Barn us (iii])e clay), Virginia 

Tobacco land (sun cured), Virginia 

Barrens (pipe <-lay), Virginia 

Barrens (craytisli land), Virginia 

Barrens (jdjio clay), Virginia 

Black waxy soil — Cretaceous ("Eagle Ford clay"), Texas 

(Jhesapeako, Maryland 

Prairie, Nebraska , 

Prairie, Texas 

Unclassified, Maryland 

(Jatsk ill. Marylaiul 

I'n classified, Vii-ginia 

Clay, ])ottcrv. Maryland 

Clay, biick and tile, District of Columbia 

Truck latid, Maryland 

Unclassilicd, North Carolina 

Tobacco land, Sumatra 

Unclas.silicil, North Carolina 

Tobacco land, Sumatra , 

Oreenlioiise soil, Pennyslvania 

I'inea])ple land, Florida 

(ireen house soil, Pennsylvania 

(ireeuhouse soil. New York 

(ireen house soil, Vermont 

(jrreenliouse soil, Pennsylvania , 

(Jreenhonse soil, Illinois 

Greenhou.so soil, Indiana 

(ireeuhouse soil, Michigan 

(ireenhonse soil, Maryland 

Clay, pottery and brick, Maryland 

(ireenhouse soil, New Jersey 

(xreenhonso soil, North (Carolina 

(ireenhou.se soil, New York 

(ireenhouse soil, ^liunesota 



Page 

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59 

32 

31 

32 

58 

58 

58 

57 

31 

58 

49 

48 

40 

33 

37 

57 

67 

66 

67 

48 

67 

67. 

66 

67 

66 

67 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

48 

67 

67 

66 

67 

66 

66 

66 

65 

44 

54 

65 

49 

44 

68 

44 

32 

48 

57 

63 

57 

63 

59 

34 

59 

55 

66 

59 

36 

36 

50 

45 

44 

55 

56 

55 

51 



SAMPLES, KOS. 2241-2466. 
List of the soil samples, arraiujed serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 



81 



No. of 

samples. 



Clas.silicatioii. 



2241-2242 Greenhouse soil. Massachusetts 

2243 Greenhouse soil, Michigan 

2244-2245 Alluvial .soil, Texas 

2246 Greenhouse soil, Indiana 

2247 Greenhouse soil, Michigan 

2248 Greenhouse soil, New J ersey 

2249 Greenhouse soil, Maryland 

2250 Greenhouse soil, California 

2251-2252 Greenhouse soil, Pennsylvania 

2253-2255 Greenhouse soil, New York 

2256 I Greenhouse soil, Massachusetts 

2257 Greenhouse soil, Michigan 

2258 I Greenhouse soil, Massachusetts 

2259-2260 Greenhouse soil. New York 

2261 Greenhouse soil, California 

2262-2263 Tohacco land (cigar tvpe). California 

2264-2275 Greenhouse soil, New" York 

2276 Greenhouse soil, New Jersey 

2277-2278 Greenhouse soil, Massachusetts 

2279-2280 Unclassified, \Vashington 

2281-2286 Tobacco land (cigar type), Texas 

2287-2288 Drift, gl.acial, Minnesota 

2289-2295 Lacustrine ( Ued River Valley) prairie, Minnesota 

2296-2297 Alluvial soil (Tamerse Kiver) ))rairie, Minnesota 

2298 Lacustrine (lied Kiver Valley) prairie, Minnesota 

2299-2300 Lacustrine (Ued Kiver Valley) gumbo, Minnesota 

2301-2302 Alkali land, Minnesota ' 

2303-2305 Phillite, Maryland , 

23U6 Gneiss, Maryland 

2307-2313 Chernozem ('black earth), Kussia 

2314 Greenhouse soil, Pennsylvania 

2315 Unclassified, Georgia .". 

231C-2322 Truck land. North Carolina 

2323-2324 Truck land, Illinois. .. . .■ 

2325-232G Unclassified, Illinois 

2327-2328 Truck land, Illinois , 

2329-2330 Gumbo, Iowa 

2331 Unclassified, Iowa 

2332-2333 Gumbo, Iowa 

2334 Unclassified. Iowa 

2335-2336 Gumbo, Iowa 

• 2337 Unclassified, Iowa 

2338 Gumbo, Iowa 

2339 I Loess, Iowa 

2340 \ Tobacco land (manufacturing and export) — gneiss, Virginia . 

2341-2346 : Long-leaf-pine hills, Louisiana 

2347-2348 ; Long-leaf-pine hills (hogwallow land), Louisiana 

2349-2356 \ Long-leaf-jiine hills, Louisiana 

2357-2360 i Alluvium (Ked River Valley). Louisiana 

2361 I Long-leaf ])ine hills, Louisiana , 

2362-2363 j Unclassified, Louisiana 

2364 ' Long-leaf-pine hills, Louisiana 

2365-2366 | Prairie, j)iiie, Louisiana 

2367-2370 Prairie Marniou, Louisiana 

2371-2372 Unclassified, Louisiana 

2373-2376 Prairie, Plaquemine, Louisiana 

2377-2380 Prairie, Louisiana - 

2381-2386 Prairie, Calcasieu, Louisiana 

2387-2390 Prairie Swallow, Louisiana 

2391-2392 Prairie Marmou, Louisiana 

2393-2394 Prairie, Faquataique, Louisiana 

2395-2396 Prairie, Plaquemine, Louisiana 

2397-2421 Blutt" land, Louisiana 

2422-2425 Alluvium, Mississippi River, Louisiana 

2426-2427 Prairie, Louisiana 

2428 Prairie, black (" buckshot land "), Louisiana 

2429-2435 Prairie, Louisiana 

2436 Long-leaf pine hills, Louisiana 

2437-2138 Hammock, Louisiana 

2439-2442 Long-liaf pine flats, Louisiana 

2443-2444 Umlassilicd, Louisiana 

2445-2446 Long-leaf-pine hills, Louisiana 

2447-2448 Prairie, Louisiana 

2449-2450 Prairie Swallow, Louisiana 

2451-2452 "Prairie Marmou, Louisiana 

2453-2454 Prairie, black (" buckshot land'), Louisiana 

2455-2462 Prairie, Louisiana 

2463-2464 Prairie, black ("buckshot land "), Louisiana 

2465-2466 Bluff land, Louisiana 

8G70— No. 10- 



50 
50 
65 
36 
50 
55 
45 
28 
59 
55 
50 
50 
50 
55 
28 
28 
55 
55 
50 
68 
65 
51 
51 
51 
51 
51 
51 
47 
45 
61 
59 
34 
57 
36 
36 
36 
37 
37 
37 
37 
37 
37 
37 
37 
67 
41 
41 
41 
41 
41 
42 
41 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
41 
41 
42 
42 
42 
41 
41 
41 
42 
41 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
41 



-G 



82 SAMPLES, NOS. 2467-2769. 

List of soil samples, arranf/ed serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 



No. of 

sample. 



Clasaiflcation. 



2467-2468 

2469-:i474 

247.'; 

2476-2481 

2482-2484 

2485 

2486 i 

2487 

2488-2489 

2490-2493 

2494 

2495-2499 

2500 

2r)0i 

2502 

2503-2506 \ 

2507-2510 

2511-2512 

2513-2516 

2517-2518 

2519-2520 

2521-2522 

2523-2525 

2.526 

2527-2528 

2529-2541 

2542 

2543-2548 

2549-2550 

2551-2554 

2555-2557 

2558-2559 

2560-2562 

2563-2504 

2565-2566 

2567-2568 

2569-2570 

2571 

2572 

2573-2574 

2575-2578 

2579-2589 

2590-2647 

2648-2649 

2650-2653 

2654-2657 

2658 

2659 

2660-2663 

2664-2670 

2671-2672 

2673-2680 

2681-2682 

2683-2684 

2685-2686 

2687-2688 

2689-2690 

2691-2692 

2693-2694 

2695-2696 

2697 

2698 

2609 

2700 

2701-27(12 

2703-2704 

2705-2707 

2708 

2709-2716 

2717-2718 

2719-2721 

2722-2724 

2725 

2726 

2727-2742 

2743-2744 

2745-2761 

2762-2769 



Prairie, black ( ' ' buckshot land "), Louisiana 

Blufl land, Louisiana 

Prairie, black ("buckshot land "), Louisiana 

Prairio, Louisiana 

Uuclassitiefl, Louisiana 

Prairie, Louisiana 

Blurt" land, Louisiana 

Alluvium, AIi,ssi,ssippi Kivor, Louisiana 

I'lu'las.-iiticd. J^iiuisiana _. -_ 

Alluviimi, jMis.-iissippi Kiver, Loitisiana 

Bluir land, Louisiana 

Prairio, blacdi ("buckshot land "), Louisiana 

Blurt' land, Louisiana 

Prairie, black ("buckshot land "), Louisiana 

Prairie, Louisiana 

Alluvium, lied Kiver, Louisiana 

Tobacco land (cigar type)— Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania . 

Tobacco land (cigar type)— phillite. Pennsylvania 

Tobacco land (cigar type)— shaly limestone, Pennsylvania 

Blurt land, Louisiana 

Blurt' land (craylish), Louisiana 

Long leaf-])in(! Hats, Louisiana 

Long lea f'i>int! hills, Louisiana 

Blurt' land, Louisiana 

Long-leaf-pine hills, Louisiana 

Alluvium, Ked River, Louisiana 

I,,oes8, Iowa 

Wheat land uf lOastern Shore, Maryland 

Truck land, Maryland 

Wheatland of l^'astern Shore, Maryland 

Wheat land of Eastern Shore (' wliite-oak land"), Maryland. 

Wheat land of Eastern Shore, Maiylaud 

Wheat land of Eastern Shore (" white-oak land"), Maryland.. 

Wheat land of Eas.tern Shore, Maryland 

Black waxy soil — Cretaceous, Texas 

Tobacco land (cigar type)— shaly limestone, Pennsylvania 

Tobacco land (cigar type)— Trenton limestone, Pennsj'lvania. 

Potsdam sandstone, Pennsylvania 

T()bae<'oland (ciirartype)— shaly limestone, Pennsylvania 

Toliaeco land (cigar type)— river land, Pennsylvania 

Unclassitied, Penusylvania 

Limestone, Trent<iu'and Hudson River; Kentucky 

Limestone, St. Louis; Tennessee 

Potomac, Maryland 

Truck land, Maryland 

Potomac, Maryland 

Truck land, Maryland 

Columbia, Lower— river terrace, Maryland 

Potomac, Maryland 

Truck laud, IS'ew Jersey 

Alluvial 80)1, <;edar swamp. New Jersey 

Truck land, New Jersey 

Lafayette, pine barrens, Maryland 

Potomac, bistrict of Columbia 

Lafayette District of Columbia 

Potomac, District of Cohnnbia 

Chesaiieake, District of Columbia 

Eocene. District of Columbia 

True k land. Eocene, Marylanil 

(Joluml)ia. District of Columbia 

Silt terra('e of Nueces River, Texas 

Alluvial soil, Texas 

P.asalt, Texas 

Silt terrace of Nueces River, Texas 

Eocene, District of Columbia 

(.'olumbia. District of Columbia 

Potomac, Maryland 

I'otomac, District of Columbia 

Lalayette, District of Columbia 

Lalayeite June barrens, Maryland 

Unit glaiial, Connecticut '. 

Alluvial soil— peat swamp, Connecticut 

Phillite. Maryland , 

Loess, China 

Trenton limestone, Maryland 

Cambrian sandstone, Maryland 

Trenton limestone, Maryland 

Hudson Kiver shale, Maryland 



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42 
41 
42 
42 
42 
42 
41 
41 
42 
41 
41 
42 
41 
'42 
42 
41 
60 
60 
60 
41 
41 
41 
41 
41 
41 
41 
37 
49 
48 
49 
49 
49 
49 
49 
65 
60 
60 
60 
00 
60 
60 
■40 
64 
47 
48 
47 
48 
45 
47 
55 
54 
55 
46 
32 
32 
32 
32 
32 
48 
32 
65 
65 
65 
65 
32 
32 
47 
32 
32 
46 
30 
30 
47 
29 
46 
43 
46 
46 



SAMPLES, NOS. 2770-3121. 
List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 



83 




2770-2783 

2784-2785 

2786-2792 

2793 

2794-2795 

2796-2802 

2803 

2804 

2805 

2806 

2807 

2808 

2809 

2810-2811 

2812-2813 

2814-2816 

2817-2821 

2822-2823 

2824-2826 

2827-2831 

2832-2836 

2837-2840 

2847-2848 

2849 

2850-2855 

2856 1 
2857-28C0 ] 
2861-2864 
2865-2868 
2869-2870 i 
2871-2874 
2875-2880 
2881-2885 
2886-2891 
2892-2893 
2894-2902 
2903-2905 
2906-2909 
2910 
2911-2912 
2913-2919 
2920 
2921 
2922-2931 
2932-2934 
2935-2936 
2937-2938 
2939-2940 
2941-2942 
2943-2944 
2945-2946 
2947-2948 
2949-2950 
2951-2952 
2953-2955 
2956-2960 
2961-2964 
2965-2967 
2968-2987 
2988-2990 
2991 
2992-3015 
3(116-3029 
3030-3037 
3038-3051 
3052-3053 
3054-3058 
3059-3062 
3063 
3064-3065 
3006-3080 
3081-3091 
3092-3097 
3098-3100 
3101-3103 
3104-3105 
3106-3107 
3108-3121 



Trenton limestone, Maryland 

Hudson River shale, ^larylaud 

Trenton limestone, Maryland 

Greenhouse soil, Pennsylvania 

Chesapeake, Maryland 

Unclassified, Maryland 

Ked Hill formation, South Carolina 

Tobacco land (cigar type) — Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania 

Limestone, Trenton; Virginia 

Truck land, Maryland 

Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina 

Prairie— loess. Illinois 

Prairie — plains marl, Nebraska 

Adobe (diabasic), Oregon 

Muck laud, Florida 

Greenhouse soil, Kew Jersey 

Gray hammock, Florida 

Mulatto hammock, Florida 

High pine laud, Florida 

Light hammock, F"lorida 

Rich heavy hammock, Florida 

Mixed laud, Florida 

Light hammock, Florida 

Uuclassitied, Florida 

High pine land, Florida i 

Lafayette, Florida 

Gray hammock, Florida 

Red coquiua hammock, Florida 

Spruce-pine scrub, Florida 

High pine laud, Florida 

Light hammock, Florida 

High pine laud, Florida 

Rich heavy liammock, Florida 

Pineapple land, Florida 

Muck land, Florida 

Lafayette, Florida 

Fullers earth, Florida 

High ]iine laud, Florida 

Lafayette, Florida 

Higli pine land, Florida 

Etonia scrub, Florida 

High pine land, Florida 

Basalt, Washington 

Tobacco, Peri(|ue, Louisiana 

Muck land, Florida 

Grav hammock, Florida 

Uuclassitied, Florida 

High pine land, Florida 

Spruce-pine scrub, Florida 

Uuclassitied, Tennessee 

Black waxy soil — Cretaceous, Texas 

Gray hammock, Florida 

Tobacco land (cigarette). North Carolina 

Carlioniferous sandstone. West Virginia 

Unclassified, \Vc st Virginia 

Limestone, Treutou aud Hudson River; Kentuckj- 

Alluvial soil, Kentucky 

LTnclassified. Ohio 

Gabbro, Maryland 

G neiss, Maryland 

Gabbro, Maryland 

Gneiss, Maryland 

Phillite, Maryland 

Serpentine. ^Maryland 

Phillite, Maryland 

Gneiss, Maryland 

Unclassified', Maryland 

Phillite, Maryland 

Triassic red sandstone, iilaryland - 

Unclassified, Bermuda . . ., 

Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky 

Hudson River limestone, Ohio 

Alluvial soil, Ohio 

Glacial drift (cigar tobacco), Ohio 

Alluvial soil, Ohio 

Glacial tV.ift (cigar tobacco), Ohio 

Alluvial soil, Ohio 

Glacial drift (cigar tobacco), Ohio 



46 
46 
46 
59 
44 
49 
62 
60 
66 
48 
62 
36 
53 
59 
34 
55 
33 
33 
33 
33 
33 
34 
33 
34 
33 
34 
33 
33 
34 
33 
33 
33 
33 
34 
34 
34 
33 
33 
34 
33 
33 
33 
68 
42 
34 
33 
34 
33 
34 
65 
65 
33 
57 
68 
69 
40 
39 
59 
45 
45 
45 
45 
47 
47 
47 
45 
49 
47 
47 
25 
40 
59 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 



84 SAMPLES, NOS. 3122-3591. 

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 




3122-3145 
3146-3157 

31 08-3183 

3184-318!) 

3190-32(11 

3202-3203 

3204-3209 

3210-3211 

;J2 12-3219 

3220-3237 

3238 

3239 

3240 

3241 

3242-3243 

3244-3259 

3260-3270 

3271-3273 

3274-3277 

3278-3283 

3284-3292 

3293-3294 

3295 

3296 

3297-3302 

3303-3304 

33(1^-3300 

3307-3323 

3324-3325 

3326-3328 

3329 

3330-3338 

3339-3341 

3342-3355 

33.6 

3357-3364 

3365-3376 

3377-3382 

3383-3384 

3385-3386 

3387-3390 

3391 

3392 

3393-3396 

3397-3399 

3400 

3401-3403 

3404 

3405 

3406-3407 

3408-3409 

3410-3417 

3418-3423 

3424-3425 

342G 

3427-3428 

3429 

3430-3437 

3438-346H 

3467-3474 

3475-3476 

3477-3479 

3480-3481 

3482-3485 

3486 

3487-3488 

3489-3495 

3496-3501 

3502-3520 

3521-3535 

3536-3540 

3541 3546 

3547-3549 

3550-3551; 

3557-3565 

3566-3575 

3570 3584 

3585 3591 



Limestone, St. Lonis group of Subcarbouiforous ("rich barrens"), Kentucky 

Subcarboniferous, Tennessee 

Limestone!, St. Louis group of Subcarboniferous ("rich barrens"), Kentucky 

Lafayette (oriingt! .sands), Tennessee 

Po.stTcrtiary, Kentucky 

Alluvial soil, Kentucky 

Post- Tertiary, Kentuckj' 

Alluvial soil. Kentucky 

Post-Tertiary, Kentucky 

Limestone, Carboniferous, Kentucky 

Fuller's earth, Kngland 

Fuller's earth, Nebraska 

Silt, Arizona - 

Kaolinite, Colorado 

Prairie, Nebraska 

Tobiicco land (cigar type), Wisconsin 

Prairie — Jamestown Valley, North Dakota 

Prairie— lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley), North Dakota 

Prairie (wheat land). North Dakota 

Prairie — lacustrine, alluvial .soil (Red River Valley), North Dakota 

Prairie (wheat land), North Dakota 

Alkali land, Nort li Dakota 

Prairie (wlieat land), North Dakota 

Alkali land (hardpau), North Dakota 

Prairie (wheat laud). North Dakota 

Basalt, Idaho 

Prairie— alkali laud, Montana 

Prairie, Montana — 

Basalt, Washington 

Volcanic ash, Washington 

Unclassitifd, Wasliiugtou 

Basalt, Wasliingtim 

All^ali land, ^\'a.shington 

Basalt, W'asliington 

Unclassified, Washington 

Prairie — alkali laud, Montana 

Prairie, ^Montana 

Tulan' I 'I.I ins (alkali), California , 

Aliijav e Desert (alkali hard pan), California 

Md'jave Drsert (alkali), California 

iSI(ija\ e Discrl, ( California 

Fresno Plains. California 

Fresno Plains (hogwallow), California 

Fresno Plains, ( 'alil'ornia 

PYesno Plains (alkali), California 

Fresno Plains, California 

Uuelassitied— fruit land of Southern California, California , 

Adobe, California 

Unclassitied— fruit laud of southern California, California 

Alkali land, California 

Allu\ ial soil, California , 

Tulare Plains, California 

Alkali land, Nevada 

Prairie, C<dorado 

Benc^h laud, Utah 

Vallev land, r tab 

Bench land, Ctah 

Uiulasslird -fruit land of southern California, California 

riiclassili. d. .\Iaska 

Devonian black slate (glades), Kentucky 

I'rairii', Colorado 

rnelasgilii-il, Bermuda 

Aledina sandstone, Maryland 

(.,'lintiiM Xiai^ara, Maivlancl 

Alhivi.il .soil, Marvlaiid 

Clin ton -Niagara, Alary land 

Helderberg limestone, Maryland 

Oriskany, Maryland ". , 

Hamilton Chemung, Maryland 

Cat ski II, Maryland 

Subcarhonilerous — Poeono sandstone, Maryland 

Subcarboniferous — Greenbrier, Maryland '. 

Subcarboniferous, Maryland 

Pottsville, Maryland . .'. 

Lower coal measures— Savage, Maryland 

Lower coal measures — Bayard. Maryland 

Lower coal measures — Fairfax, .Maryland 

Ul)per coal measures, Mary bind . . .' 



SAMPLED, NOS. 3592-3901. 85 

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000 — Coutinned. 



No. of 
sample 



ClassiflcatioD. 



3592-3593 

3594-3597 

3598-3007 

3608-3609 

3010 

3611-3622 

3623-3628 

3629-3630 

3631 

3632 

3633 

3634-3639 

3640 

3641 

3642 

3643-3656 

3657-3681 

3682 

3683-3686 

3687-3692 

3693-3694 

361)5 

3696 

3697 

3698-3699 

3700-3701 

3702-3706 

3707-3709 

3710 

3711-3713 

3714-3722 

3723 

3724 

3725 

3726-3729 

3730-3731 

3732-3733 

3734-3736 

3737-3738 

3739-3742 

3743-3747 

3748 

3749-3751 

3752 

3753 

3754 

3755-3750 

3757 

3758 

3759-3785 

3786-3788 

3789-3790 

3791 

3792-3793 

3704-3797 

3798-3801 

3802-5804 

3805-3806 

3807-3808 

3809-3810 

3811-3814 

3815-3816 

3817-3818 

3819-3824 

3825-3820 

3827-3828 

3829-3840 

3841-3842 

3843-3858 

3859-3861 

3802-3863 

3804-3872 

3873 

3874-3880 

3881-3h87 

3888-3889 

3890-38VI5 

3896-3897 

3898-3901 



Uuclassified, Maryland 

Alluvial soil, Maryland 

Truck laud, Ahibama 

Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands"). Alabama 

Subcarboniferous, Tennessee 

Volcanic asb, Hawaiian Islands 

Gray bammotk, Florida 

High pine laud, Florida 

Gray hammock, Florida 

Flatwoods (alkali), Florida 

Gray liaminock, Florida 

Unclassitied (tobacco and coffee), Mexico 

Diabase, Virginia 

Unclassified, District of Columbia 

Potomac, District of Columbia 

Unclassified, Alaska 

Wheat land, Argentina 

Unclassified, Idaho 

Prairie, Nebraska , 

Gray hammock, Florida 

High pine laud, Florida 

Unclassified, Maryland 

Unclassified, Alaska 

Alkali land, Russia 

Permian (wheat land), Texas 

Medina sandstone, Maryland 

Clinton-Niagara, Maryland 

Helderberg limestone, Maryland 

Oriskany, Maryland 

Hamilton-Chemung, Maryland 

Catskill, Maryland 

Subcarboniferous, Maryland 

Potts ville, Maryland , 

Lower coal measures — Savage, Maryland 

Lower coal measures— Bayard, Maryland 

Lower coal measures — Fairfax, Maryland 

Glacial drift, Ohio 

Unclassified, Colorado 

Prairie — loess, Kansas 

Prairie — loess, Nebraska 

Prairie (wheat land). North Dakota 

Bad land, North Dakota 

Alkali (bad land). North Dakota 

Bad land. North Dakota 

Prairie— lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley), North Dakota 

Pierre shale, Montana 

Fox Hill sandstone, Montana 

Pierre shale, Montana 

Prairie— alkali laud (gumbo), Montana 

Prairie, Montana 

Columbia. Lower— river terrace, Maryland 

Eocene marl, Maryland 

Columbia, District of Columbia 

Columbia, Lower — river terrace, Maryland 

Lafayette, pine barrens, Maryland. 

Columbia, Lower— river terrace, Maryland 

Lafayette— pine barrens, Maryland- 

Chesapeake, Maryland , 

Lafayette— pine barrens, Maryland 

Chesapeake, Maryland 

Truck laud, M ary land 

Columbia, Lower— river terrace, Maryland , 

Gneiss, Maryland 

Unclassified', Texas 

Alluvial soil— Dismal Swamp land, Virginia 

Truck land, Virginia 

Alluvial soil— Dismal Swamp land, Virginia 

Unclassitied, North Carolina 

Lake Erie bottom, Ohio 

Unclassified. Virginia 

Unclassified, Maryland 

Prairie (wheat laud). South Dakota 

Serpentine, IMarvlMud 

Vineyard soil, (ierninuy 

Hudson River shale, iVIarvland 

Trenton liniestouc M.ti\ liiud : , 

Cambrian sandstone, Maryland 

Catoctin granite, Maryland , 

Catoctin schist, Maryland 



this 
bulle- 
tin. 



86 * FORMATIONS, ACADIA ("LAY ADOBE. 

List of the sitil saiiq>Ies, arranj/ed nerifiUy from 1 to 4000— Conti-aneA. 



2fo. of 
samples. 



3902-3906 

3907-«08 

390!)-:i913 

3914 

3915-3916 

3917-3918 

3919-3920 

3921-3934 

3935-3955 

395(5 

3957 

3958 

3959 

3960 

3961 

39C2 

3963 

3964 

3965 

3966 

3967-3974 

3975 

3976 

3977 

3978 

3979 

3980-3981 

3982-3985 

3986-3992 

3993 

3994 

3995-3999 

4000 



Classification. 



Page 
iu 

this 
bulle- 

tiu. 



Catoctin {jratiito. "Maryland 44 

("atoctin scliist. Marvland ■ ■l* 

Catoctin granite, Mai- viand ^\ 

Trenton 1 im. stone, Maryland 46 

Cambrian sandsloni', Maryland 43 

Trenton limestone, .Maryland ^ti 

Alkali land, M ississip])! 51 

Alluvial .soil— Di.snial Swamp land, Virginia 66 

Unclassified, Nort li Carolina •''7 

Basalt, Washiniiton C8 

Tiiassic red sandstone, Maryland - 47 

(iiieiss, Marvland 45 

Tobacco land ( manufacturing and export)— gneiss, V'irginia 67 

Tobacco land (cig.irel tc), Kortb Carolina 56 

Alluvial soil, South Caiolina - d 

Alluvium, Mississi])pi liiver, Louisiana 41 

Alkali land, Nt^vada 54 

Prairie -lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley), North Dakota 58 

Finca|ii)le land, Florida i 34 

T'rairie. Illinois 36 

I'liller's earth (crude), Florida I 33 

Unclassified (irrigation bardpan), California ; 29 

Unclassified (coral sand) , Bermuda I -5 

Unclas-sitied, Bermuda ' 25 

Prairie (zinc clay, sulphide), Kansas 38 

Volcanic ash, Nebraska ; 54 

Unclassified, California 29 

Tobacco land ( cigarette). North Carolina i 57 

Unclassified. North Carolina ! 57 

Gneiss, Mar viand j 45 

Limestone, St. Louis group of Subcarboniferous ("rich barrens"), Kentucky 40 

, Unclassified, Bermuda : j 25 

Alluvial soil, Michigan i 50 



LIST OF THE FORMATIONS REPRESENTED IN THE COLLECTION OF 

SOILS. 

The following al])b{ibetical list of the foimatious represented in the 
collection of the Division shows the States or countries from which 
samples have been obtained and the number of samples from each 
locality, with references to the pages of this bulletin in Avhich data 
regarding these samples are to be found. A brief description is given 
of the formations iu which any peculiar properties or relations are 
pointed out, and the basis for the classification is shown: 



ACADIA CLAY. 



Locality : 

Louisiana, 2 samples 



Page. 
41 



Description. — The basis of this classification is geological, and apart 
from this the group is of no general interest. 

ADOBK. 

Localities : Page. 

Cahfornia, 6 samples 27 

New Mexico, 1 sample 55 

Oregon, 2 samjiles 59 

Total, 9 samples. 



FORMATION ADOBE. 87 

Description. — Agriculturally, the term adobe relates to a condition of 
the soil ofteii seen in the West. Geologically, the term is frequently 
applied to certain areas in the West which closely resemble loess. Such 
a description by I. 0. Russell, from the standpoint of a geologist, is 
given under the loess group. 

The soils classed agriculturally as adobe vary considerably in texture 
and in chemical composition. Difierent types are recognized as sandy 
adobe, ridge adobe, brown adobe, black adobe, and black- waxy adobe. 
As a rule adobe soils act as stiff clay lands, rather heavy in texture 
and extremely productive. The soil is usually quite sticky when wet, 
but is easily cultivated when in the right condition. The heaviest 
adobe is, however, difilicalt to till, as plows do not scour well, and need 
to be repeatedly cleaned. When plowed too wet the adobe is liable to 
break up in lumps, but these are easily pulverized on drying. When 
subjected to superficial cultivation the adobe is liable to contract 
greatly in drying, leaving great cracks going down into the subsoil. 
When thoroughly cultivated it forms in dry weather an almost ash-like 
dust mulch. 

The following references to adobe, by Prof. E. W. Hilgard,' bring out 
very clearly the marked and peculiar character of adobe as the term is 
used in agriculture: 

Black adobe. — The black soil here [oa the agricultural grounds at Berkeley] is 
over 30 inches deei^, underlaid by a yellow, stony subsoil. It becomes exceedingly 
"sticky" wheu wet, but plows easily when taken just at tlie right point of mois- 
ture; when plowed a little too wet, clots heavily, but the clots. tend to pulverize 
in drying. With shallow tillage, or wheu left uutilled, it forms widely gaping 
cracks in the dry seasou. If tilled deeply and thoroughly, it retains moisture and 
a luxuriant growth of weeds throughout the dry season, and is almost ashy in its 
tilth. * " * 

Adobe, ridge. — Tint, a tawny yellow. Very heavy in working; difficult to till at 
all times; downward it gradually passes into "rotten'' clay sandstone at a depth 
varying from 2^ to 5 feet. It is, therefore, ill-drained naturally, holds water for a 
long time, and is esteenied rather a poor soil. " * * To one familiar with the 
l^rairie soils of the southwestern United States, the resemblance of the "black 
adobe" of California to the "black prairie" of Mississippi and Alabama is very 
striking. The analyses abundantly confirm this supposition. Both the mechanical 
and chemical composition of the adobe is so nearlj^ like that of the "white-lime 
prairie" soil of Monroe County, Miss., that the differences are scarcely greater than 
might be found in different localities in either region. * * * There is one differ- 
ence in favor of California adobe— it is about one-third richer in phosphates than 
the "prairie," and this explains the fact that grain crops, so exhaustive of that 
ingredient, have for a succession of eighteen to twenty years been grown without 
apparent diminution. 

The fact that the black adobe contains 1 per cent of lime shows that the addition 
of any small amount of lime, as a manure, would be useless — a conclusion directly 
confirmed by the culture exijeriments. But it is nevertheless true that the tili- 
ability of the soil may be greatly improved by such addition of lime as can be 
afforded in cultivation on a large scale, as in truck gardens, orchards, flower gar- 

' Report on agricultural experiment stations of the University of California, with 
descriptions of the regions represented, pages 28-30. 



88 FORMATION ALKAT.I SOIL. 

dens, lawns, etc. ^ * ' The difterencos in the mecliiinicul and chemical com- 
position of the ridge adobe from that of the valley is snl'liciently striking. It 
contains less than two-thirds the amount of clay, yet it is much heavier in working, 
owing to the small quantities of the liner sediments, which chiefly serve to break 
up the extreme tenacity of pure clay, that is but little disturbed by the large-sized 
grains. Then the soil contains less than half as much lime as the lowland adobe; 
less than half, also, of the primarily important ingredients, potash an<l phosphoric 
acid; and, finally, very much less humus, as is shown by its tint. *' * * Qf 
course, the soils vary in accordance with the rocks from which they have been 
formed. Those derived from the Tertiary clays and soft clay stones are predomi- 
nantly "adobe" or heavy clay soils, mostly brown or blackish, and very commonly 
overlie the very rocks from which they are derived ("colluvial" and "sedentary"). 
They are found on the higher lands rather than in valleys, and usually appear on 
the "divides'" and ridge lands generally, as well as in the higher valleys. 

ALKALI SOIL. 

Localities : _ 

Page. 

California, 24 samples 27 

Colorado, 1 sample 29 

Florida, 1 sample (see Flatwoods) 33 

Kansas, 1 sample ( see Pra irie ) . 37 

Minnesota, 2 samples 51 

Mississippi, 2 samples 51 

Montana, 20 samples (see Prairie) 52 

Nevada, 7 samples 55 

North Dakota, 6 samples 57 

Russia, 1 sample 61 

Washington, 3 samples 68 

Total, 68 samples. 

Description. — The term "alkali soil" is applied generally to any soil 
containing an excessive amount of mineral salts or alkalies proper, 
especially sodium, potassium, and magnesium chlorides, sulphates and 
carbonates, and occasionally nitrates and borates. They are confined to 
arid districts where the rainfall does not exceed 10 or 15 inches ])er 
annum, but are widely distributed within these areas. Injudicious 
methods of irrigation, especially in the use of too much water without 
adequate underdrainage and the consequent accumulation of seepage 
waters and seepage from canals frequently cause a rise of alkali and 
a local accumulation at the surface. Of the three most important and 
widespread salts, sodium carbonate is the most destructive to vegeta- 
tion; sodium chloride comes next; and lastly sodium sulphate. Hil- 
gard states that few ]»lants can stand as much as 0.1 i)er cent of sodium 
carbonate, O.L'5 ])er cent of sodium chloride, and 0.45 to 0.50 per cent 
of sodium sulphate. Plants can stand more alkali on heavy than on 
light soils. 

!^'re(|uent cultivation and care in applying water to the land and pre- 
vention of seepage from canals are the best i)reventives agaijist the rise 
or accumulation of alkali. A correction for sodium carbonate is heavy 
applications of gypsum to the soil. The only remedy for a large excess 
of the chlorides or the sulphates is thorough underdrainage. An idea 



FORMATION ALLUVIUM. 89 

of the general distribution of these salts may be inferred from the fol- 
lowing statement. In the Dakotas and Montana, the prevailing salts 
are sodium and magnesium sulphates; in Washington and Oregon, 
sodium carbonate and sodium and magnesium sulphates; in southern 
California, all .of the above salts and sodium chloride characterize cer- 
tain districts; in Arizona and Xew Mexico, the prevailing salts are 
sodium and magnesium sulphates; in Utah, sodium chloride covers the 
largest area; in Nevada, sodium chloride covers a very large area, but 
the other salts predominate in certain districts, and at least one large 
area is covered with borates. 

All kinds of soil are liable to contain alkali, but soils of light texture, 
being generally better drained, are easier to treat than heavy soils. 
The catalogue classitication is therefore based upon the soluble salt 
content of the soil, but the basis of the tield examination and classifica- 
tion will have to be physical as well as chemical, and soil maps will 
show the i^hysical character, the kind and amount of alkali in the soil, 
and the drainage relation. 

ALLUVIUM. 

Localities : p 

Alabama, 1 sample 22 

California, 6 samples 27 

Connecticut, 8 samples 30 

Florida, 18 samples {see Muck land) 32 

Kansas, 3 samples 37 

Kentucky, 8 samples 39 

Louisiana, 39 samples 41 

Maryland, 5 samples 43 

Massachusetts, 10 samples 49 

Michigan, 1 sample 50 

Minnesota, 14 samples 51 

New Jersey, 4 samples 54 

North Carolina, 7 samples 56 

Ohio, 17 samples 58 

South Carolina, 7 samples 61 

Texas, 3 samples , 65 

Virginia, 28 samples 66 

Washington, 12 samples 68 

Total, 191 samples. 

Description. — The term "alluvium" is generally used in this catalogue 
in connection with the most recent river, lake, and ocean deposits des- 
ignated as marshes, swamps, meadow, and bottom lands. There is a 
certain character about these lands that is well recognized in agricul- 
ture. Owing to their generally moist condition and proximity to water 
they usually maintain a luxuriant growth of vegetation, and owing 
partly to this and partly to the slow oxidation of the organic matter in 
the wet soil, they usually contain a high percentage of organic matter 
as a characteristic feature. When well drained they are generally very 
productive and adapted to certain classes of crops. 



90 FORMATIONS, BAD LANDS BARRENS. 

The group contains all classes of soil, however, from the very coarsest 
sands and gravels to the heaviest clay or to the purest muck and peat. 
The collection contains typical samples of salt and fresh water marshes, 
cranberry bogs, celery soils, rice lands, and sugar-cane lands of the 
Mississippi bottom and of Florida. The basis of tlie classification is 
thus i)hysiographic and the group contains samples derived from vari- 
ous geological formations and having very different physical properties 
and chemical composition. 

# BAD LANDS 

LocaliUi: 

^ Page. 

North Dakota, 5 samples 58 

Description. — Large areas in the western part of South Dakota and 
contiguous parts of North Dakota and Nebraska are covered with 
alternate strata of indurated clays and soft marls of the Tertiary period. 
This soft material washes very badly whenever a stream forms, either 
of a permanent nature or resulting from the sudden and severe storms 
which occur. Yet the walls of the gullies and canyons thus formed 
have the requisite tenacity and firmness to stand up in perpendicular 
sides, and the surface of the land is traversed in all directions by dee}) 
channels, making cultivation impossible and traveling very uncertain 
and dangerous except with an experienced guide. Wherever vegeta- 
tion has a chance to take hold the land is fertile and some of the 
broader valleys afford excellent grazing. The classitication here is 
based on physiographic conditions, although this in itself must be 
based uj)on the chemical and physical peculiarities of the material. 

BARRENS. 

Localities: 

Page. 

Alabama, 5 samples 22 

Kentmky, 55 samples 40 

Tennessee, 2 samples (see Subcarboniferous) 65 

Virginia, 14 samples 66 

Total, 76 samples. 

Description. — The term ''barrens" is used in a different sense in 
different parts of the country, and the group really should be divided 
into "barrens" and "rich barrens," if indeed the latter term should 
not now be altogether discarded. The samples in the collection are 
properly distinguished by the terms just given. 

The "rich barrens" of Kentucky have a level or gently rolling surface 
with broken or hilly country along the water courses. Much of this 
land was formerly devoid of trees and called "barrens," and later "rich 
barrens." It was really a prairie region and should have been desig- 
nated as such. The cause of the treeless condition is popularly supposed 
to be due to prairie fires. At any event, since the country has become 
settled and these large fires prevented, a fine growth of hickory and 
oak has covered the country. The land is very fertile. 



FORMATIONS, BASALT BENCH LAND. 91 

In contrast witb this are tlie "barrens" proper, samples of which are 
contained in the collection, principally from Virginia. The soil is thin 
and underlaid at from 6 to 20 inches with an almost impervious "clay," 
usually white or mottled red and yellow with oxides of iron where air 
has access through cracks or root holes. This is usually not a true clay, 
but a silt having about the mechanical texture of loess. Similar soils 
occur on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and are known there locally 
as "white-oak lands." Silt of this character, even when in good condi- 
tion, is easily ruined by injudicious methods of tillage, and when it gets 
in the condition above described it is the most dififlcult of all soils to 
improve. Underdrainage and lime are the principal remedies, but the 
improvement is slow and costly. It is not known what gives this silt 
its wonderful ]ilasticity when wet or what makes it so impervious when 
in certain conditions. It exhibits these properties to an extent rarely 
surpassed by true clay. This material is admirably adapted to inves- 
tigate the cause of plasticity and the forces acting between grains of 
soil which determine their structure and their agricultural "condition" 
or "heart." The basis of this chissification is thus seen to be in the 
physical properties of the soil. 

BASALT. 

Localities : 

Page. 

Idaho, 2 samples . . . „ 3.5 

Texas, 1 sample 65 

Washington, 29 samples 68 

Total, 32 samples. 

Description. — The basalt covers an extensive ])lateau in central and 
southeastern Washington and coutiguousportions of Idaho and Oregon. 
It is known agriculturally as the well-known wheat lands of the Palouse 
region. Over most of this locality the rocks have disintegrated to a 
great depth. The rich dark-red soil is 5 or 6 feet deep, and the subsoil, 
having the same texture and nearly as fertile, extends to 40 or 50 feet 
below this. The soil is fine-grained, containing but little true clay, 
and is quite free from gravel or coarse fragments. It can be easily 
worked and plowed. The extreme surface dries out rapidly, leaving 
a flue dust mulch which conserves moisture, and from other physical 
peculiarities crops are able to withstand long periods of drought with- 
out suffering in the least. From the nature of the minerals of the rock 
and the way it breaks down, the soils have a large percentage of 
potash, lime, and phosphoric acid. The basis of this classification is 
geological. 

BEXCH LAND. 

Locality ; 

^ Page. 

Utah, 2 samples 66 

Description. — The l)ench laud of Utah, represented in the collection, 
is from terraces constituting at one time the shore line of the extensive 



92 FORMATIONS, HENTON LIMESTONE BLUFF LAND. 

lake which covered the Great Salt Lake basin. The fertile valley lands 
were first settled, but gradually these low level lands have been almost 
inundated by the accumulation of seepage waters from over irrigation, 
and the agricultural districts are extending farther and farther ui) and 
out on these bench lands. The basis of this classification is the i)hysio- 
graphic features, and the group might contain soils of very diflerent 
texture and properties. 

I5ENTON I,IMp;ST().\E. 

Locality : „ 

^ Page. 

Kansas, 12 samples 37 

Description. — The basis of this classification is in the geological 
formation, and the samples present little of general interest beyond 
this. 

BLACK WAXY SOIL. 

Localities: ^ 

Page. 

Kansas, 1 sample {see Prairie) 38 

Texas, 5 samples 65 

Total, 6 samples. 

Description.— l^ha black waxy soil of Texas, as the name implies, is 
very plastic and sticky when wet, and always hard to till. The material 
is so fine that the iniplements do not scour well. The soil has normally 
a very high water content. It contains a high percentage of potash, and 
is considered one of the most fertile soils of the State. The basis of 
this classitication is thus the physical character of the soil. 

BLUE-STEM SOIL. ^ 

Localities: ^ 

Page. 

Kansas, 5 samples (are Prairie) 38 

Oklahoma, 1 sample (see Unclassified) 5i> 

Total, 6 samples. 

Description. — The basis of this classification is the persistent char- 
acter of the vegetation. The soil generally occurs in spots, covering 
small aieas usually somewhat depressed and containing excessive 
amounts of alkali, but rarely enough to appear as a crust on the surface. 

BLUFF LAND. 

Locality: „ 

•=' Page. 

Louisiana, 41 samples 41 

Description. — The bluff lands of Louisiana are similar to the hannnock 
lands of South Carolina. They are adjacent to the water courses and 
have good elevation. The material is similar to, if not identical with, 
loess in texture and physical ])roperties, and the lands are therefore well 
drained. The lands are fertile. The basis of this classification is in the 
physiographic relations, as well as the physical texture and condition. 



FORMATIONS, BOWLDER CLAY — CARBONIFEROUS. 93 

BOWLDER CLAY — GLACIAL DRIFT. 

Locality: Page. 

Illinois, 3 samples 35 

Description. — This is a finely ground mass of clay, varying in color, 
but usually white, blue, or buff, and containing varying quantities of 
sand, gravel, stones, and bowlders of all sizes and of a great variety 
of material. It is a form of glacial till. The rocks were ground by 
the moving glacial ice sheet to a fine, tenacious clay, still containing 
fragments of the rock masses which did the grinding and were being 
ground in all stages of disintegration. The thickness of this material 
in Illinois, where most of our samples were obtained, is said to reach 
the great depth of 400 and 500 feet in places. The basis of this classi- 
fication is geological, and the group contains a variety of soils. 

BUCKSHOT LAND. 

Locality: p.^^^ 

Louisiana, 14 samples (.see Prairie) 42 

Descriptioti. — Hilgard regards thebuckshot land as one of the most fer- 
tile soils of the Southern States. He describes it as "a stiff, dark-colored 
clay, traversed by numerous cracks and mottled with spots of ferru- 
ginous matter." These ferruginous concretions are often as large as 
buckshot, which they resemble. The soil is rich in all sorts of plant 
food. It is very retentive of moisture, yet well drained, and can have 
the deepest tillage. It may be tilled at almost any time, for if it turns 
up in wet lumps, these slake and break down into a fine tilth. 

CAMBRIAN SANDSTONE AND SHALE. 

Localities: ^„„„ 

Page. 

Alabama, 4 samples 22 

Maryland, 19 samples 43 

Tennessee, 5 samples 63 

Total, 28 samples. 

Description. — The samples in this group from Maryland came from a 
narrow belt on the west side of South Mountain, in western Maryland. 
It constitutes the famous mountain peach belt of that locality. The 
soil is a sandy loam, containing about 30 per cent of large stones, mak- 
ing cultivation difficult and adapting it to nothing but fruit-tree cul- 
ture and small fruits. The elevation above the valley seems to insure 
the trees against damage from frost. The basis of this classification is 
geological, but it forms a distinct agricultural district. 

CV^BONIFEROIS. 

Jjocalities : t. 

Page. 

Nebraska, 4 samples {see Prairie) 53 

Rhode Island, 1 sample 60 

West Virginia, 2 samples 68 

Total, 7 samples. 

Description. — The basis for this classification is geological, and the 
group may include many types of soil. 



94 FORMATIONS, CATOCTIN GRANITE — CHESAPEAKE. 

CATOCTIN GRANITE AND SCHIST. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Maryland, 22 samples 44 

Description. — Tbis covers a small area in western Maryland which is 
of little agricultural importance. The basis of classification is purely 
geological and of very little general interest. 

CATSKILL. 

Locality : ^ 

^ Page. 

Maryland, 45 samples 44 

Description. — Rather heavy, dark-red clay soil, formed from sand- 
stone rock. It is moderately fertile. The basis of the classification is 
geological, and there are no particularly interesting features about it. 

CHERNOZEM. 

Locality : 

'' Page. 

Russia, 7 samples 61 

Description. — The chernozem is known as the "black earth" of Eus- 
sia. It is a prairie region with a very deep, rich, black soil. The origin 
is still unknown, although many theories have been advanced to explain 
the formation and the relation to the adjacent loess. It is celebrated 
as a wheat region, and soil which has been under cultivation for a liun- 
dred years is said to show no deterioration. The investigations of the 
Division of Soils show it to be quite similar to the prairie soils of Illi- 
nois and the lied River Valley soils in Minnesota and North Dakota. 

CHESAPEAKE. 

Localities : 

Page. 

Distri ct of Col umbia, 2 samples 32 

Maryland, 94 samples 44 

Total, 96 samples. 

Description. — The Chesapeake covers a large area in southern Mary- 
land with a moderately fertile clay loam. The most interesting gen- 
eral feature is the large area of rather strong clay, derived directly 
from the weatliering of diatomaccous eartb. Tbis diatomaceous mate- 
rial weathers quickly, and within two or three years the white earth 
exposed in railroad cuts weathers to the compact yellow clay. Over 
these areas the diatomaceous earth is often ibund within a few feet of 
the surface, lollowing the contour of the land. There is an opportu- 
nity for an interesting study here. The diatomaceous earth is so light 
and open in structure and contains so much air that a lumj) of it readily 
floats for a time in water. The diatoms are quite a pure form of silica. 
It is surprising, therefore, and suggestive that in the disintegration of 
this material a com])act, rather tenacious clay is produced which can 
be used for brick. The basis for this classification is aeoloirical. 



FORMATION, CLAYS — POTTERY, BRICK, TILE. 95 

CLAYS — POTTERY, BRICK, TILE. 

Localities: p 

Delaware, 2 samples (china clay) : 31 

District of Columbia, 2 samples (brick and tile) 32 

England, 1 sample (pottery) 32 

Florida, 1 sanii^le (kaolin) 32 

Kentucky, 1 sample (crude ball clay) 39 

Maryland, 10 samples (pottery, brick, tile) 44 

Missouri, 1 sample (tire brick) 52 

New .Jersey, 1 sample (china clay) 54 

New York, 1 sample (Albany slip clay) 55 

Ohio, 5 samples (pottery) 58 

Pennsylvania, 1 sample (pottery) 59 

South Carolina, 1 sample ( pottery) 61 

Total, 27 samples. 

Description. — The general properties of commercial clay are (1) 
plasticity when wet, enabling usefnl objects to be molded and retain 
their shape on drying; (2) permanence and dnrability after bnrning; 
and (3) refractiveness under high temperature. Few other substances 
have these properties. Plasticity is a property which has never been 
satisfactorily explained. It is probably due to molecular forces acting 
between the fine grains, but these forces have never been thoroughly 
investigated. On account of the practical importance, not only in clay 
industries bnt in general agriculture in the condition and treatment of 
soils, as well as from the scientific interest of the subject, it should be 
thoroughly investigated. 

The principal classes of high-grade clays are kaolin, china and i)or- 
celain clays, fire clay, and pottery clay. The low grade clays are shale, 
siliceous clay, tile clay, brick clay, and calcareous clay. The high- 
grade clays are more refractory than the other clays. The fusibility of 
a clay usually increases with the impurities other than sand. Potash 
increases the fusibility more than other impurities; iron is next; then 
lime, and then magnesia. Pure kaolin and quartz are infusible in any 
ordinary temperature of the kiln. The high-grade clays should not 
contain over 4 or 5 per cent of impurities; the low-grade clays contain 
often -JO per cent or more. As a rule brick clays should not contain 
over 3 per cent of lime, but some of the celebrated cream-colored 
bricks of the Northwest contain upward of 20 pei' cent of this sub- 
stance, which entirely hides the color effect of the iron oxides. The 
low grade clays contain from 10 to 70 per cent of kaolin base, from 2 to 
5 pur cent of alkalies, and two or three times as much of the other 
Huxes combined. 

Albany slip clay is used to give a glaze and finish to stoneware. It 
is quite fusible at a high temperature, and as it burns into the surface 
it does not crack in cooling or in subsequent use. On account of the 
high temperature at which the Albany slip clay fuses, litharge or some 
other flux is mixed with it when glazing clay which can not stand the 
required temperature. 



96 FORMATIONS, CLAY SLATE — COLORADO GROUP. 

The ball clays are very tough, waxy, and plastic, and are used to 
mix with other clays which have not the recjuired plasticity. Very 
pure clays shrink excessively when burned, and to counteract this 
ground flint (quartz) is mixed with the clay. In this case finely ground 
feldspar is added as a flux to get the mixture to fuse at a reasonable 
temperature. Calcined bones can also be used lor this same i)urpose. 

The basis for this classification is physical and chemical, and the 
proi)erty of i)lasticity is an interesting problem for the ])hysicist. 

CLAY SLATK. 

Locality: ^^^^ 

South Carolina, 2 samples . . . , 61 

Dcsenption. — The basis of this classification is geological and the 
formation has no particular general interest. The soil is a yellow clay 
loam, moderately productive. 

CLINTON-NIAGAKA. 

Locality : 

Maryland, 13 samples 44 

Description. — This formation occurs in several narrow bands in the 
mountains of western Maryland. It is of small agricultural importance 
and is interesting mainly from tlie geological derivation. 

COAL MEASURES. 

Localities :' ^ 

Page. 

Alabama, 2 samples '. 22 

Kentucky, 2 samples 39 

Maryland, 35 samples (lower) 46 

Tennessee, 2 samples 64 

Total, 41 samples. 

Description. — The soils of the coal measures are, as a rule, very het- 
erogeneous. They are usually alternate layers of limestone, sandstone, 
and sliale, hard to differentiate, and as the country is of little agricul- 
tural importance and the formations are hard to follow out the group 
contains samples of different physical ty])es. The basis of this classi- 
fication is thus geological. 

COLOMADO C.HOUP — CRETACEOUS. 

Locality : ^^^^ 

Nebraska, 14 samples (see Prairie) 53 

Description. — The (3olorado group of tlie Cretaceous, covering large 
areas in Kansas and Nebraska, is made up of limestones, shales, and 
clays which have not been separately mapped. The basis of the clas- 
8ifi(!ation is geological and the collection contains samples of different 
physical and chemical properties. 



FORMATIONS, COLUMBIA, LOWER CORAL SAND. 97 

COLUMBIA, LOWER (FOR UPPER COLUMBIA See TRUCK LAND). 

Localities: p 

District of Columbia, 5 samples 32 

Maryland, 24 samples 45 

Total, 29 samples. 

BescnpUon. — The Lower Columbia forms level terraces along the 
lower part of the Potomac Kiver, and covers isolated areas along the 
water courses and adjacent plateaus in the District of Columbia and 
contiguous iwrtions of Maryland. This high level phase, as it occurs 
along the plateaus, is not yet perfectly understood, and it is diflQcult to 
differentiate this from other formations. 

The terraces along the Lower Potomac Kiver vary iu width from a 
quarter of a mile to a mile or more. They have an elevation above 
water of from 10 to 20 feet. At the back there are high bluffs of Lafay- 
ette material. 

The soil is a fine silt with no coarse fragments and very easy to till. 
Agriculturally it resembles the bluff lands of the South. In mechan- 
ical composition it resembles loess, except that it contains a trifle less 
silt and rather more clay. It is very durable, and fields are said to 
have been cultivated for upward of two hundred years without appar- 
ent deterioration. The principal crops at present ate corn, wheat, and 
tobacco. The basis of this classification is geological, and the soil is 
interesting from its uniform texture, the good heart, and the lasting- 
qualities. 

CORAL SAND. 

Locality: p^g^ 

Bermuda, 1 sample 25 

Description. — The coral sand is an unconsolidated or disintegrated 
coral limestone. It is snow white and about the same texture as build- 
ing sand. With the naked eye the larger grains are seen to be frag- 
ments of coral, and under a low-power microscope many beautiful and 
curious coral forms are seen. The sand in this form is nearly sterile, 
and few attempts are made to crop it. It is quite free from humus, 
and is almost entirely dissolved by dilute hydrochloric acid. Speci- 
mens of the coral limestone have been shown to contain 99.95 per cent 
of carbonate of lime. Where considerable areas of the rock are 
exposed in sections, layers of red earth are seen throughout it and cov- 
ering the surface for a slight depth. This soil contains considerable 
clay, coral sand, and humus. It is upon such soil that the lilies and 
other staple crops of the island are grown. The carbonate of lime is 
relatively quite soluble in the natural waters. The impurities in the 
limestone, consisting of traces of silica, iron, alumina, and earthy phos- 
phates, are relatively insoluble. As the carbonate of lime is dissolved 
and carried off by the percolating waters, these impurities are left 
behind and constitute the present productive soils of the island. The 
8670— No. 16 7 



98 FORMATIONS, CORN LAND CRANBERRY BOOS. 

basis of this classification is geological, and the group is interesting 
from the unusual form of the disintegration of the limestone rock and 
the evident and apparent example of the formation of soil from this 
class of rock by the simple process of disintegration and solution. 

COUN LAND. 

Localities : j,^^^ 

Alabama, 140 samples 22 

Illinois, 63 samples 35 

Iowa, 2 sam])les 37 

Kansas, 71 samples 37 

Kentucky, 172 sami)l(s 39 

Louisiana, 157 samples 41 

Maryland, 460 samples 45 

Mississippi, 14 samples 51 

Ohio, 49 samples 58 

South Carolina, 38 samples 61 

Tennessee, 109 samples 64 

Virginia, 127 samples 66 

Wisconsin, 18 samples (.see Tobacco land) 69 

Total, 1,420 samples. 

Description. — This group is simply a collection of all the samples 
upon which corn is at present considered an important commercial 
croj), either for home consumption or for export. The basis of classifi- 
cation is purely agricultural, and the group contains many types of 
soil, which are indicated under the appropriate States. No attempt 
has yet been made to correlate the usual yield ])er acre with the char- 
acter of the formation. It is considered that in time this collection will 
form a valuable basis for such an investigation. 

COTTOX LAND. 

Localities : Pa„g 

Alabama, 140 samples 22 

Floi-ida, 11 samples (sec Lafayette) 33 

Louisiana, 191 sam])les -. 41 

Mississippi, 14 samples 51 

South Carolina, 65 samples 61 

Tennessee, 16 samples 64 

Total, 437 samples. 

Description. — The remarks under the group of corn land will apply 
equally well to this group. 

CUANBERRY BOGS. 

Localities : p^„g 

Massachusetts, 10 samples (see Alluvial soil) 49 

New Jersey, 2 samples (see Alluvial soil) 54 

Total, 12 samples. 

Description. — This is a fresh-water alluvial formation, consisting of 
muck, and contains frequently a large proportion of coarse fragments 
of roots and other portions of partly decayed vegetation as found in 
bogs. The lands are, as ii rule, very wet and even subject to overflow 
in time of freshets. The subsoil may be either a compact sand or stiff 



FORMATIONS, CRAYFISH LAND CRETACEOUS. . 99 

clay, iu either case poorly drained. The basis of this classification is 
therefore partly geological, depending often upon physiographic rela- 
tions, and partly agricultural. There is no ai)parent difference in 
physical properties or chemical composition between the cranberry and 
celery soils except perhaps in the depth of the overlying soil. With 
the proper exposure and situation a good celery soil would make a 
good cranberry soil; but the average cranberry soil, on account of the 
superficial depth of the soil and the poor surface drainage, would not 
necessarily make a good celery soil. 

CRAYFISH LAND. 

Localities : _, 

Page. 

Louisiana, 2 samples {sec Bluff land) 41 

Virginia, 3 8ami)les {see Barrens) 66 

Total, 5 samples. 

Description. — The characteristics of this group have already been dis- 
cussed under "barrens." They are sandy or silty soils, quite impervi- 
ous to water, and on account of the poor drainage are not adapted to 
the staple agricultural crops. They are interesting from the j>eculiar 
structure, which renders them readily impervious to water, and from 
the opportunity they seem to present to the physicist to study the forces 
acting between the soil grains upon which the tilth of agricultural soils 
depends, but which is so marked in this case as to render the soil too 
close and impervious for agricultural crops. The basis of this classifi- 
cation is the physical structure of the soil. 

CKETACEOUS. 

Localities: 

Page. 

Alabama, 7 samples 22 

Louisiana, 2 samples 41 

. Maryland, 2 samples (see Marls) 47 

Nebraska, 22 samples {see Prairie) 53 

New Jersey, 16 samples 55 

Tennessee, 4 samples 64 

Texas, 5 samples (see Black waxy soil) 65 

Total, 58 samples. 

Description. — The basis of this classification is geological, and whi e 
the samples in the collection are mainly loams and sandy loams 
adapted to fruit and truck growing, the group may contain very differ- 
ent types of soil. The collection contains a number of samples of 
glauconite sand (greensaud), from which many of the samples in the 
collection have been derived. This glauconite is interesting not only 
from its chemical composition, which has never yet been satisfactorily 
worked out, but from its occurrence and mode of formation and the use 
which has been made of it as a fertilizer, especially in l^ew Jersey, the 
agricultural value depending mainly on the potash and phosphoric 
acid it contains. This substance is not confined to this geological 
period or to any particular formation, but it has been principally 
described from the Cretaceous. 



100 FORMATIONS, DAKOTA GROUP DIABASE. 

DAKOTA GHOIJP — CUKTACEOUS. 

Localities: Page. 

Kansas, 3 samples (see I'liiiric) 38 

Xebraska, 8 samples {see I'riiirie) 53 

Total, 11 samples. 

Description. — Barbour thus describes this group: 

Of the various kinds of rock above-mentioned us occurring in the Dakota group 
the sands, sandstoues, and clays are most abundant and exert the greatest influence 
ujion the soil. The clays are valuable for brick and pottery. Where they form 
continuous strata of considerable extent, with a level surface, the water is retained, 
causing boggy or swamp land. By themselves these clays impart too great heavi- 
ness and tenacity to the soil, but with a suitable proportion of sand intermixed a 
good loam is formed. An abundance of sand and sandstone is everywhere present 
in the Dakota grou]) to temper the clays. In some places the sandstone predomi- 
nates so much as to form sandy knolls, with a thin and poor soil or none at all. But 
these bald knobs are not numerous, and are never of great extent. The glacial drift 
and loess cover the country occupied by the Dakota group so generally that it is 
only on the high ]ioints projecting into the valleys that the sandstone foundation is 
in sight, making thin land. 

The basis of classification of this group is thus geological, and the 
samples may be very dift'ereiit iu texture and composition. 

DEAD LAND. 

Locality: Page. 

New Mexico, 2 samples 55 

Description.— This "dead land" is sand found along the bars and 
banks of some of the rivers in New Mexico. The coarser sand occurs 
in the bars. Much of the best land in some of the valleys is under- 
laid with this sand. Wherever it occurs within a foot or two of the 
surface fruit trees soon die. Grapes are said to do fairly well over 
it, and alfalfa to flourish. It appears to be quite free from organic 
matter or fertilizing material of any kind. The peculiar properties of 
the specimens and of the localities where it occurs have not been 
investigated. The basis of this classification is thus agricultural. 

DEVONIAN BLACK SLATE. 

Locality: Page. 

Kentucky, 10 samples ^^ 

Description. — The basis of this classification is geological, and the 
grouj) may contain samples of different chemical composition and 
physical properties. As a matter of fact, the samples in the collection 
consist of samples of tlie "glades," the properties of which will be 
described under a subdivision of that name. 



Localities: Page. 

Massachusetts, 1 sample 50 

Virginia, 1 sample 66 

Total, 2 samples. 



FORMATIONS, DIATOMACEOUS EARTH DRIFT. 101 

Deseription. — The basis of this classification is geological. The sam- 
ple in the collection from Virginia formed the basis for an investigation 
by Dr. George P. Merrill ' on the origin of soils and the chemical changes 
occurring in the disintegration and decomposition of rocks. 

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH. 

Locality: p^g^ 

Maryland, 3 samples {see Chesapeake) 44 

Description. — This group contains some interesting specimens of 
diatomaceous or infusorial earth, from which the soils over a large area 
of the Chesapeake formation in Maryland have been directly derived. 
This is discussed at length under the Chesapeake formation. The 
samples contain many beautiful and curious forms of diatoms. 

DISMAL SWAMP LAND. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Virginia, 28 samples (see Alluvium) 66 

Description. — The basis of this classification is physiographic. The 
swamp is of great extent, with an elevafion above tide of from 10 to 25 
feet. On account of the slight fall, the dense growth of vegetation, and 
the accumulation of peat the natural surface drainage is very slow. 
Some rather large areas on the edge of the swamp have been cleared, 
drained by open ditches, and cultivated for a number of years. The 
soil is a rich peat, from 1 to 10 feet thick, resting on a sandy subsoil 
which allows water to drain through it readily. The soils are quite 
acid, requiring frequent and heavy applications of lime. The water of 
the swamp and canals is also quite acid. It is of a dark color, quite 
free from sediment, and has long been noted for its excellence for drink- 
ing purposes on ship voyages. This i^roperty is usually attributed to 
a trace of tannin carried by the water. Fields which have been under 
cultivation for fifty years show a decided diminution of organic matter 
in the soil. Corn and hay grasses are the principal crops. 

DRIFT. 

Localities: 

Page. 

Alabama, 2 samples ' 22 

Connecticut, 11 samples (glacial) 30 

Illinois, 15 samples (glacial) 35 

Louisiana, 4 samples 41 

Minnesota, 2 .samples (glacial) 51 

Ohio, 21 samples (glacial) 58 

Rhode Island, 10 samples (glacial) 60 

Total, 65 samples. 

Description. — The basis of this classification is geological, and in- 
cludes glacial and nonglacial drift soils, the former belonging, like the 
bowlder clay, to the broad class of glacial till. The group contains 
different kinds of soil. 

'The Weathering of Rocks, Part III. Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils. 



102 FORMATIONS, EOCENE ETONIA SCRUB. 

EOCENE. 

Localities: Page. 

District of Columbia, 4 samples 32 

Maryland, 24 samples 45 

Total, 28 samples. 

Description. — The basis of this classification is seological, and the 
group may contain soils of different chemical composition and physical 
properties. Most of the samples in the collection are light loams, 
adapted to peaches and the heavier truck crops. Most of the samples 
have been derived directly from the green glauconite sand (greensand). 
They are easy to till and as a rule very productive for the class of crops 
adapted to them. 

ETONIA SCKUH. 

Locality : Page. 

Florida, 9 samples 33 

Description. — The basis of this classification is agricultural, depend- 
ing especially upon the character of the native growth. The scrub 
occurs in spots, often of large extent, in Florida. The soil is a light, 
sandy loam, and there is no apparent reason for the difference in vege- 
tation and in agricultural value between this and the adjacent high 
pine land. The following extract, from Bulletin No. 13 of this Division, 
will show the characteristics of these lands and the interesting ])roblem 
presented in an investigation of the cause of their peculiarities: 

The great Etonia scrub formation was examined at Altoona. It is an impressive 
sight to stand at the border line between the scrub and the high pine land and notice 
the difference in the character of the vegetation. The high pine laud is open, the 
trees are large and vigorous, aud the ground is covered with a crop of grass which 
gives very good grazing for cattle. The vegetation is quick and generous, and the 
most tender garden plants will grow luxuriantly if properly attended to. These 
conditions stop abruptly at the edge of the scrub. The boundary between the high 
pine land and the scrub can be located without trouble witliin a few feet. 

In the scrub there is a dense growth of scrub oaks and low bushes and plants, all 
having thick leaves protected to the utmost from loss of water by evaporation by 
the property that desert plants have of turning the leaves up edgeways to the' sun 
to expose as little surface as possible to the direct rays. No grass is found, and only 
the most hardy desert plants grow. When pines grow it is tlie dwarf spruce pine 
and not the long-leaf pine, while on the other hand the spruce pine is not found 
across the border in the high pine lauds proper. 

The full-grown scrub vegetation reaches about the height of a man's head. This 
scrub growth stretches out at this place iii an unbroken line for 10 or 15 miles to the 
northw ard, and the whole country presents a most desolate appearance. The conn- 
try is generally rolling in both the high pine land and scrub. There are lakes at 
which the scrub and the high pine vegetation meet at the water's edge. There is no 
indication from the topography of the country of any diflerence in the climate over 
the two soils. Very few attempts are known to have been made to cultivate the 
scrub lands. A few efforts to grow truck and oranges are known to have been fail- 
ures. It is generally believed that the scrub is colder at night, and that frosts are 
liable to occur over these areas when they do not occur over the high pine land. 
There is no apparent reason for this, however, in the topography of the couutry. 



x'^ORMATION FLAT WOODS. 103 

There are differences in elevation in the scrnb in quite short distances of 25 feet or 
more, over which the same growth extends in an unbroken line following the con- 
tours of the surface. The same character of growth extends down to the lake bor- 
ders in what is almost a muck soil. * * * There is no apparent reason, from the 
chemical or physical examination, to account for this difference in the native growth 
on the scrub as compared with the high pine land or the hammock, and, so far as 
our investigations show, there is no difference in the soil. The only explanation for 
the difference in the character of the vegetation is that it is accidental, and that the 
one kind of crop or the other received a start and simply spread, the two kinds of 
vegetation not being capable of growing together. As a matter of fact, however, 
in comparing the scrub with the high pine land the conditions in the scrub appear 
more natural than those in the high pine land. In such sandy soils as these the won- 
der is that tender vegetables can be grown at all, and that such a large and generous 
growth of pines and grass is naturally produced. 

FLATVV^OODS. 

Localities: ^ 

Page. 

Alabama, 3 samples (post oak) 24 

Florida, 3 samples 33 

Mississippi, 2 samples 51 

Tennessee, 4 samples {see Cretaceous) 64 

Total, 12 samples. 

Description. — The basis of this classification is agricultural. Along 
the South Atlantic and Gulf coast there is a strij) of low, flat land hav- 
ing at present very little agricultural value. It is usually not immedi- 
ately adjacent to the coast but separated by a strip, often not more 
than a mile or a few miles wide, of better-drained and more productive 
land. In this broad classification there is little difierence in the soils 
of the lower pine belt of South Carolina and the pine flats or flatwoods 
of Florida and Mississippi. Hilgard gives the following description of 
the flatwoods and pine flats of Mississippi in the volume on cotton 
production, of the Tenth Census, which describes very well the soils of 
the whole area : ^ 

The flatwoods region of Mississippi is throughout underlaid by a strata of heavy 
gray clay belonging to the older Tertiary formation from which its prevalent soil is 
almost directly derived. The gray, heavy, intractable soil bears almost throughout 
a moderately dense growth of post oak, interspersed with short-leaf pine and black 
gum, and varied with occasional belts or tracts of small-sized, round-headed black- 
jack where the soil is excessively heavy. * * * Near the streams the growth 
becomes more sturdy. The streams have scarcely any true bottoms. The drainage 
is therefore exceedingly slow, and during winter rains the country over large areas 
is covered with a shallow, slow-moving sheet of muddy water. This, together with 
the tenacity and depth of the mud, renders the Hatwoods belt almost impassable to 
teams in winter and far into spring. The soil frequently remains untillable until 
the planting season is nearly over, and thus subjects the crop to uncertain chances 
of a short growing season ; yet in favorable years, when water subsides early and 
plowing can be done, very good crops of corn and cotton are made. 

The soil of the pine flats proper is not materially different from that of the pine 
prairies. It is a whitish or gray, unretentive silt, with brown ferruginous or rusty 
spots, increasing downward, and indicating a lack of drainage. The cause is found, 

' Tenth Census, Vol. V, Cotton Production in Mississippi, Part 1, 1880, p. 23. 



104 FORMATIONS, FOX HILL SANDSTONE FULLERS EARTH. 

<at 18 or SOiucLes, in a compact, whitish, or bluish subsoil, lull of l)og-ore gravel, 
and consisting generally of siliceous silt compacted by clay, or sometimes true clay, 
almost impcivioiis to water and of the consistence of putty, where it is brought up 
bj' the crawfish that inhabit tlie lower tracts. 

In ill-drained tracts the subsoil becomes whitish by the formation of concretions 
of bog ore or black pebble, and thus the soil becomes poorer than in the uplands, 
unless enriched by sediment. This kind of " pine flat soil" is about the least esteemed 
in this region, as even its timber growth is often quite stunted. 

FOX HILL SANDSTONK. 

Locality: Page. 

Montana, 2 samples 52 

Description. — The basis of this classilicatioii is geoloj^ical. The sam- 
ples are interesting- in beiug derived from the Fox Hill sandstone which 
is one source, altliough not the jiriucipal source, of the alkali in the 
Yellowstone Valley. 

FRESNO PLAINS. 

Locality: Page. 

California, 12 samples 27 

Bescription. — The basis of this classification is physiographic and 
the grouj) contains many kinds of soil. Among the most interesting to 
the student of soil problems, as well as among the most valuable agri- 
culturally, are samples representing a considerable area where subirri- 
gation is practiced on a relatively enormous scale. Over these areas 
standing water in the wells, which before the practice of irrigation was 
introduced stood at a depth of 80 to 100 feet or more from the sur- 
face of the ground, is now found at a depth of from 6 to 12 feet. It is 
no longer necessary to irrigate the fields provided the water is allowed 
to run in the main irrigating canals, which may be located at distances 
of one-half a mile or a mile apart, notwithstanding the fact that the 
normal rainfall for the summer months is less than 5 inches in the 
aggregate. The seepage from the canals supplies the crops with neces- 
sary moisture. These interesting features were brought out in an arti- 
cle in the Yearbook for 1897, entitled " Some interesting soil problems." 

fuller's earth. 
Localities : Pa„e. 

England, 1 sample 32 

Florida, 11 samples 33 

Nebraska, 1 sample 52 

Total, 13 samples. 

Description. — Fuller's earth is a rather pure clay or impure kaolin, 
appearing unceous lo the touch. It is extensively used for fulling and 
whitening cloth and for filtering purposes and clarifying oils and 
sirups. The properties which contribute to this are not clearly under- 
stood, and the only way at present of judging of the filtering and clari- 
fying value, as with the brick and pottery clays, is an actual trial uiuler 
the conditions of practical commercial work. As prepared for market, 
the material after being washed and dried is ground and sifted into 
many grades of fineness for different commercial purposes. 



FORMATIONS, GABBRO — GNEISS AND GRANITE. 105 

GABBUO. ^ 

Localities : ^ „ 

Page. 

Maryland, 41 samples 45 

y ir<i;inia, 10 samples (see Tobacco land) 67 

Total, 51 samples. 

Description'. — The basis of this classification is geological. The soils 
are quite imiforni, strong clay lands, generally (juite productive. A 
good opportunity is aftorded in the area covered by these rocks to study 
the formation of soils from the disintegration and decomposition of the 
older crystalline rocks in place — supposed to be one of the ultimate 
sources of the vast areas of sedimentary rocks and soils which cover 
by far the larger part of the surface of the country. 

GALENA LIMESTONE. 

Locality : p^^,^ 

Illinois, 1 sample (see Prairie) 36 

Description. — The basis of this classification is geological, and there 
is no other general interest attached to the sample in the collection. 

GLADES. 

Localities : „ 

Page. 

Kentucky, 10 samples {see Devonian black slate) 39 

Maryland, 11 samples (see Hamilton-Chemung) 45 

Total, 21 samples. 

Description. — The "glades" are locally aud very expressively known 
as mountain swamps. Occurring at high altitudes, they are generally 
level stretches, underlaid by an impervious clay, and almost always 
covered with more or less water. They are difficult and expensive to 
drain on account of the topography and the nature of the substratum. 
They are at present of little agricultural value. 

GLASS SAND. 

Localities : p 

Connecticut, 1 sample {see Unclassified) 31 

Maryland, 2 samples (see Unclassified) 49 

Total, 3 samples. 

Description. — Glass sand is a jjure white quartz sand of different 
degrees of fineness used for glass manufacturing. It has no value as 
an agricultural land, and indeed is found in only few localities and then 
covered with other material. It is frequently used in pot experiments 
with fertilizers as a sterile medium out of which to construct an arti 
ticial soil of any chemical composition or containing any combination 
of salts. The basis of this classification is thus the commercial use and 
value of the material. 

GNEISS AND GRANITE. 

Localities : p^^^ 

Alabama, 13 samples 23 

Maryland, 60 samples 45 

North Carolina, 5 samples 56 

South Carolina, 9 samples 61 

Virginia, 10 samples (see Tobacco laud) 67 

Total, 97 samples. 



106 FORMATIONS, GRANITE — GREENHOUSE SOIL. 

Description. — These residual soils are from the disintegration and 
decomposition of gneiss and granite rocks. Tlie minerals of the rock 
are almost completely decomposed and unrecognizable, except the 
quartz and mica — the latter being a very characteristic feature, in the 
gneiss soils particularly. The gneiss soils of the Piedmont Plateau 
are strong red clays, very fertile in the northern part and adapted to 
general agriculture, but washing or eroding badly in the southern 
portion of the area. The basis of this classification is geological. 

(iUAXITE (see GNEISS AND CATOCTIN). 

Description. — The collection contains only a very few samples of true 
granite soils. These vary from light sandy soils to stiti" clays, depend- 
ing partly upon the composition of the original rock and partly upon 
the extent of decomposition of the minerals. 

GRASS LAND. 

Localities: -p^^^ 

Kentucky, 1 38 samples 39 

Maryland, 330 samples 45 

Ohio, 11 samples 58 

Pennsylvania, 24 samples 59 

Tennessee, 93 samples 64 

Total, 596 samples. 

Description. — The samples in the collection grouped under this head 
come only from the Eastern States, from lands upon which the hay 
crop takes a prominent, place in the crop rotation. It has not been 
thought wise or practicable to include in this group the purely pasture 
lands. This is often a matter of mere local environment — such as dis- 
tance from markets, lack of transportation facilities for crops, rough 
and mountainous topography of the land. The samples in this group 
all have heavy clay subsoils, containing 25 per cent or more of clay and 
averaging 30 or 35 per cent of clay. 'The soils represented in the col- 
lection are all adapted to wheat and corn, although the strongest grass 
lands are usually too heavy for the best wheat crops, as the crops are 
liable, especially in wet weather, to develo]) an excessive growth of 
straw, which is liable to lodge and develop disease. They are still less 
adapted to the best development of the corn crop. The basis of this 
classification is thus agricultural. 

GREEXnOUSE SOIL. 

Localities: ^^^^ 

California, 2 samples 28 

Connecticut, 1 sample 30 

District of Columbia, 2 samples 32 

Illinois, 1 sample 36 

Indiana, 2 samples 36 

Maryland, 2 samples 45 

Massachusetts, 10 samples 50 

Michigan, 4 sami)los 50 

Minnesota, 1 sample 51 

New Jersey, 6 samjdes 55 



FORMATIONS, GUMBO — GYPSUM SOIL. 107 

Localities — Continued. 

Page. 

New York, 21 samples 55 

North Carolina, 1 sample 56 

Ohio, 1 sample 58 

Pennsylvania, 17 samples 59 

Vermont, 1 sample 66 

Total, 72 samples. 

Description. — With the control of temperature and moisture in green- 
house culture it is possible, with judgment and skill, to grow nearly all 
crops on almost any kind of soil; still the recent development in the 
specialization of certain greenhouse crops marks certain localities as 
particularly adapted to certain crops — for example, Boston for lettuce, 
Poughkeepsie for violets, Kennett Square, Pa., for tomatoes, and so 
on. This is partly due to particular care and skill in the local develop- 
ment of the industries, partly to climatic conditions of sunshine, and 
largely, it appears from the investigations of the Division of Soils, to 
the soil used. The collection includes samples of soil from which the 
finest commercial crops are grown, such as lettuce, tomatoes, roses, car- 
nations, and violets. No general results have yet been obtained in 
attempting to correlate these with the texture of the soil and the crop 
produced, which is the object of the collection. The basis of this clas- 
sification is agricultural. 

GUMBO. 

Localities: ^ 

Page. 

Illinois, 1 sample {see Prairie) 36 

Iowa, 7 samples 37 

Kansas, 4 samples (see Prairie) 38 

Minnesota, 2 samples (see Lacustrine) 51 

Montana, 10 samples {see Prairie) 52 

New Mexico, 1 sample 55 

Total, 25 samples. 

Description. — This is a local term applied in the South and West to 
a tough, dark-colored mass exhibiting plasticity and clay-like i)roper- 
ties to a remarkable degree. It is very sticky and difficult to till when 
wet, and when dry it breaks with a cuboidal fracture in very hard 
lumps. Farmers dislike to find it near the surface of their lands, as it 
is so very difficult to till or improve. While exhibiting all the plastic 
properties of clay in a marked degree, it does not necessarily contain a 
high clay content, as it may consist mainly of silt or of very fine sand. 
By deep plowing and cropping, and especially by greenhouse manuring, 
these soils may be gradually improved. It is advisable to keep them 
in hay crops for a few years. The basis of this classification is the 
physical character of the soil. 

GUNPOWDER LIME LAND. 

Locality : 

^ Page. 

Alabama, 2 samples 23 

GYPSUM SOIL. 

Locality : 

^ Page. 

Kansas, 3 samples (see Prairie) 38 



108 FORMATIONS, HAMILTON-CHEMUNG SHALES — HAMMOCK. 

Description. — Recent investigations by the Division of Soils of the 
gypsum soils of New Mexico show this to be a very unusual and, from 
a soil physicist's standpoint, a very interesting soil. It is derived froig 
the disintegration of the gypsum rock. It is usually covered with a 
layer of loam from 1 to 2 feet thick, grading down into the more or less 
pure gypsum formation. The soil and especially the subsoil frecjuently 
contain fragments or crystals of gypsum which easily crumble between 
the fingers. In some places it is said to exist as white sandy soil and 
subsoil. In most cases, however, where thoroughly disintegrated, it is 
a white impalpable powder when dry. In natural lumps it absorbs 
water readily and falls apart into a sloppy mass, resembling slacked 
lime when mixed for mortar. It has a remarkable power of allowing 
seepage wateis to flow readily and rapidly through it. Great damage 
is frequently done in the irrigated districts where the canals flow 
through areas underlaid by this substance. The canals occasionally 
lose as much as 15 or 20 per cent per mile, and large areas below the 
canal may be flooded or swamped by the seepage water. This damage 
may extend several miles from the ditch, even where no water is applied 
to the surface of the land in the immediate vicinity. This is locally 
known as subirrigation. When such lands are directly irrigated, great 
care must be taken not to injure the land and the surrounding area by 
an accumulation of seepage waters. In sampling such soils, after the 
first 12 or 18 inches are drawn up, it is no unusual thing for the auger 
to suddenly drop 2 or 3 feet with little or no pressure on the instru- 
ment. Cattle frequently get swamped ar.d perish in these areas. The 
material has such a remarkable power of drawing water up, by capillary 
power, that even above and some distance from the ditches and on land 
of much higher elevation, the surface may be quite wet after months of 
dry weather, even where standing water is from 10 to 20 feet below the 
surface. The basis of this classification is the chemical composition 
and physical property of the material. 

HAMILTON-CHEMUNG SHALES. 

Locality : • p^g„ 

Maryland, 36 samples 45 

Description. — The Hamilton-Chemung shales are generally thin soils 
in elevated plateaus and valleys of western Maryland, used mainly as 
pasture lands. The basis of this classification is thus geological. 

HAMMOCK. 

Localities: p^g^ 

Alabama, 6 samples 23 

Florida, 59 samples .• 33 

Louisiana, 2 samples 41 

South Carolina, 10 samples 61 

Total, 77 samples. 

Description. — The term hammock, or hummock, is used in the South- 
ern States to designate certain areas characterized by a more or less 



FORMATION HARDPAN. 109 

dense growth of liard-wood trees and made more conspicuous by the 
surrounding- pine forests. The basis of this chissiflcation is thus botan- 
ical. The following description is from Bulletin No. 13 of this Division : 

The hammock lands of Florida, which have been principally studied, are charac- 
terized by a native growth of hard-wood trees, principally of oak, hickory, mag- 
nolia, dogwood, and the cabbage palmetto. There are ([uite a number of grades of 
hammock land, distinguished by the kind and density of the growth as well as by 
the character of the soil. There are light and heavy hammocks, so named from the 
density of the growth rather than from any appreciable difference in the character 
of the soil, the low. Hat hammock, the high hammock, the heavy clay hammock, and 
the marl hammock, the various grades differing somewhat in the kind and relative 
proportion of the native trees. 

As indicated by the name, there is considerable difference in the texture of some 
of the hammock soils, but by far the largest area which has been studied consists of 
the light hammock and the heavy gray hammock, between which there is no appar- 
ent difference in texture. The soil and subsoil of these two hammocks consist of a 
moderately fine sand, containing less than 5 per cent of clay. The heavy hammocks 
are very dark colored from the accumulation of organic matter from the dense 
growth which they have maintained in the past. This black soil is light and porous 
and has the tilth of an excellent garden mold. It has a depth of from 1 to 3 feet. 

These hammock lands are considered the most valuable in the State for general 
agricultural purposes. For special industries, however, especially for pineapples 
and some of the early truck crops, some of the other types of soil in the State have 
a higher value. The hammock soil at Fort Meade maintains about 8 per cent of 
water on the average, which is about twice as much as the high pine-land truck soils 
at Winterhaveu maintain. It seems strange, indeed, to a person familiar with the 
soils of the Northern and Western States, to see such a luxuriant growth of oak, 
hickory, aud other hard- wood trees ou such light sandy soil as this. 

HARDPAN. 

Localities: p 

Alabama, I sample (see Barrens) 22 

California, 2 samples {see Mojave Desert) 28 

Connecticut, 1 sample (see Uuclassitied) 30 

Total, 4 samples. 

Description. — This term applies to a hard, compact, and often nearly 
impervious layer which is found to exist or may form at a short dis- 
tance below the surface of the ground. It is frequently due to an 
accumulation of lime or iron compounds, reduced and deposited as a 
cementing medium, in a thin layer at a nearly uniform distance below the 
surface. Frequently it is in a layer of gravel which becomes so firmly 
cemented and so impervious that it must be broken with a pick or 
blasted with dynamite before trees can be successfully grown. Such 
formations usually indicate a lack of air and insufficient drainage at 
the present or some previous period. Hardpan frequently forms, as 
Hilgard has shown, by a local accumulation of alkali, especially of 
sodium carbonate, at the average depth to which rain water penetrates. 
Lastly, hardpan may form as a result of continuous plowing at a uni- 
form depth, the sole of the plow smootliing down or puddling the layer 
over which it moves. This is usually broken up readily by deeper 
plowing or by use of the subsoil plow. There is no satisfactory expla 
nation of the cause of the formation. It is a subject of considerable 



110 FORMATIONS, HELDERBERG LIMESTONE HIGH PINE LAND. 

afjricultui'ill iinpoitance, and it requires and deserves further investi- 
gation. Tlie basis of tliis classification is thus the physical property 
of the material. 

HELDERBEKC LIMESTONE. 

Locality: 

^ Page. 

Maiyland, 21 samples 46 

Description. — Tliis is a strong clay soil resulting from the disinte- 
gration of tlie Ilelderberg limestone, a magnesium limestone from which 
hydraulic cement is extensively made. The subsoil has a rich yellow 
color, very retentive of moisture, and makes a safe and fertile soil 
for general agricultural purposes. The surface of the country is rolling, 
ottering a succession of sharp hills and valleys which are uniformly 
fertile. The basis of this classification is geological. 

HIGH PINE LAND. 

Locality: ^ 

♦^ Page. 

Florida, 37 sauiples 33 

Description.— The basis of this classification is botanical. The fol- 
lowing description of the pine lands of Florida is taken from Bulletin 
No. 13 of the Division of Soils: 

There are four important grades of pine laud in the State — the pine flats or "flat 
woods," and the tirst, second, and third ([iiality of high pine land. 

The soils of the pine flats have not been particularly examined, as they need 
underdraiuage in order to make them at all product ive. Besides being an expensive 
oix'ration, this is at times an exceedingly diflicult one on account of the flatness of 
the country and the slight fall which can be obtained to carry ott' the surplus water. 
The growth on the pine flats consists of the long-leaf pine, palmetto, and grasses. 
The woods are open and very irregular in density; the soils are generally wet, with 
standing water from 1 to 4 feet below the surface. But few attempts have been 
made to reclaim or cultivate these flat woods on any extensive scale. 

The first quality of pine laud occurs only in small areas. It has a dark, rich, light 
sandy soil, in which a stick can often be pushed with ease to a depth of 2 or 3 feet 
below the surface. It has a very dense growth of long-leaf pine, so dense in fact 
that the trees are small, and for this reason it is frequently called "sapling" land. 

The soil, thongli loose and open like a garden soil in excellent tilth, holds together 
well, and has the property of taking uuy impression when molded in the hand, as a 
good quality of molding sand does. On drying it is not inclined to fall apart to 
a loose, incoherent condition, and roads through it have generally a compact, hard 
surface, very easy for traveling. This soil is very similar to the hammock and is 
considered quite as valuable as the hammock land for general agricultural })urpo8es. 

The second (juality of high pine land covers vast ai'cas in the peninsula. It is a 
very light, rather coarse, sandy soil, less coherent than the hammock or first quality 
of pine land. Still the roads through it are good. The characteristic growth is the 
long-leaf pine. The trees are sparsely set and often of quite large size. There is 
very little undergrowth and a wagon or carriage can be driven through the forest 
in almost any direction. There is generally a good growth of grass, and these lands 
are very extensively used for grazing. 

These second quality high pine lands form the principal truck areas at Gaines- 
ville, Orlando, Wiuterhav en. Grand Island, and Bartow. The country is generally 
rolling, with ditlercnces of elevation of from 2.5 to 50 feet. The whole elevation of 
the lake region, which is extensively used for truck growing, is from 100 to 200 feet 



FORMATION HOGW ALLOW. Ill 

« 
above sea level. The soil is a coarse white or yellow sand, underlaid by a coarse, 
sandy subsoil. It looks like a barren sea sand, or a coarse, sharp, building sand, 
but that it is very productive is shown by the large and vigorous growth of pines, 
the luxuriant growth of grass, the great quantity of truck crops which can be pro- 
duced during the season, and the enormous growth of beggar weed which takes 
possession of the land after the crops are removed. 

These second quality high pine laud soils seem particularly adapted to truck 
growing. The climate of the region is such that the crops can be grown during the 
winter and placed u])on the Northern markets during the winter and early spring. 
The winter months constitute the dry season of this locality. A particularly valu- 
able property of these soils is the evenness of the water supply which they maintain. 
The surface of the ground quickly dries after a rain, and for a depth of an inch or 
two it is soon as dry as dust. Immediately below this depth, however, the sand is 
always moist. Truck crops seldom suffer on these soils from drought. It is claimed 
that in one year a crop of tomatoes was secured with but 1 inch of rain from the 
planting to the harvesting of the crop. Certainly a dry period which would cause 
a most disastrous drought upon the soils at the North appears to have hardly any 
effect on the crops of these truck soils. Several weeks after a rain the soil imme- 
diately under the dry surface is so moist that it will hold together when molded in 
the hand. 

Four per cent of water seems to be an abundant supply for these truck lands, and 
6 per cent makes the soil (luite wet. During an entire season the water supply in 
the soil at Winterhaven, at a depth of 3 to 6 inches, has never fallen below 3 per 
cent, although there have been periods of fifteen or twenty days without rain. 

No reason can be assigned for the peculiar property these soils possess which 
enables them to maintain such a uniform water content. The soils are compara- 
tively high, and the wells throughout the area are comparatively deep. Standing 
water is found on the average about 15 or 20 feet below the surface of the ground. 
Nowhere in the Eastern States are there soils similar to these where such a uniform 
water supply can ai)parently be maintained regardless of the frequency or amount 
of the rainfall. There are, however, in the Northwest, in southern California, and 
in Texas, soils which have this same power of withstanding drought to an even more 
marked extent than these high pine land soils. On some of these Western soils it is 
no unusual thing for crops to thrive for a period of five or six months without rain 
and without irrigation. 

The third quality of high i^iue land consists of very loose and incoherent sand 
which, on drying, falls apart, so that the roads are exceedingly sandy and heavy for 
teams. The native growth of pine has little value. The soil is very poor and is not 
generally considered tit for cultivation. 

HOGWALLOW. 

Localities : -p^^^ 

California, 1 sample (see Fresno Plains) 28 

Louisiana, 2 samples (see Long-leaf-pine hills) 41 

Total, 3 samples. 

Description. — The basis of tbis classification is the physical condition 
of the soil. The following definition of " hogwallow " lands is taken 
from two of Dr. Hilgard's papers in the agricultural volume of the 
Tenth Census:' 

In California we find the singular rounded hillocks, popularly known as "hogwal- 
lows," from 10 to 30 feet in diameter and from 1 to 2 feet high. These hillocks are 

'Tenth Census, Vol. VI, Part II, Cotton Production in California, 1880, page 19; 
also Vol. V, Part I, Cotton Production in Mississippi, 1880, page 55. 



112 FORMATIONS, HUDSON RIVEK LIMESTONE SHALES. 

most abuiulant near the foothills, with long 8callo])s toward the valley, and the 
tracts seena to diminish in width toward the axial "trough," which thej' seldom 
reach. They occur on all kinds of soil, and even on the rolling foothill lands them- 
selves, constituting an obstacle to easy cultivation that is sometimes costly to remove, 
the more as their material is usually somewhat more compact than that of the inter- 
vening lower soil, and their leveling involves baring oi' the 8ul)soil. In some cases 
they are thickly set and resistant so as to render the laud valueless for ordinary cul- 
tivation. They are almost always present on strongly alkaline soils and bear good 
grain crops, while on the lower jtortions of the land the soil is whitened with alkali 
and grain is dying. In otiier cases, owing to dilferences in capillary power of the soil 
in the two locations, the reverse is seen. " Ilogwallow land " does not imply any 
definite character of soil in general, although locally the character is often an 
exceedingly definite and distinct one. 

A sample of "hogwallow subsoil" from Jasper County, Miss., shows 48 per cent 
of clay. It is no wonder that the soil is found excessively refractory in tillage, 
as it entirely lacks the quality of many of the black prairie soils of "slaking" or 
pulverizing in passing from wet to a dry condition. In that process it cracks oi)en 
into widely gaping fissures, and is wetted with difficulty. When wet it becomes 
excessively tenacious; w^hen taken under the ])low in the right condition it assumes 
lair tilth and in good seasons yields fair crops. 

In "hogwallow" soils the lime percentage is uniformly lower, falling below tive- 
tenths — from 0.13 to 0.43. Phosphoric acid is low, the humus a little over one-half 
of that in the black prairie soils, and about the same as in other good upland soils. 

In order to render "hogwallow"' soils moi"e similar, chemically, to black prairie 
soils, they should be supplied with more lime, which, with, green manuring, would 
supply deficient humus. 

The mechanical condition of tliese soils stands in the way of productiveness, and 
this would in a measure be remedied by the application of lime and vegetable mat- 
ter, but in addition thorough tillage and good drainage are essential. It is probable 
that simple underdrainage and use of lime would render these soils fairly and uni- 
formly productive. 

HUDSON HIVER LIMESTONE (see TRENTON LIMESTONE). 

Description. — The soils of this formation are quite similar to and 
closely associated with the Trenton limestone, which is described in 
detail in another place. 

HUDSON KIVER (MAKTINSBURG) SHALES. 

Locality: p^g^ 

Maryland, 25 samples 46 

Description. — The samples in the soil collection of the Division, 
derived from this formation, represent rather a small area in western 
Maryland where the rocks cross the State in a low, flat, narrow ridge 
near the west side of the Cumberland or Hagerstown Valley. The soil 
is a rather light clay loam, usually containing small fragments of shale. 

The subsoil contains a large amount of small fragments of soft and 
partially decomposed shale, so that it is difficult to bore for samples to 
a depth of IS inches. The soil is fairly well adapted to wheat, but the 
crop is neither as safe nor as certain as on the adjacent limestone lands. 
It is very doi)ondpnt upon the character of the season. It is well adapted 
to the growth oi rye. Peaches do tairly well, but the crop is uncertain. 



FORMATIONS, JAMESTOWN VALLEY KAOLIN. 113 

Apples and pears do better. The soil, as a whole, requires careful farm- 
ing to keep it in good condition. It responds well to fertilizers and 
is greatly benefited by green manures. 

JAMESTOWN VALLEY (SCe LACUSTRINE). 

Locality: „ 

•^ Page. 

North Dakota, 11 (see uuder Prairie) 58 

Description. — These samples represent some of the immense wheat 
farms near Fargo, IST. Dak. The Jamestown Valley at this point is 
about 50 miles broad and almost perfectly level. The soil is very dark 
in color and from 1 to 3 feet deep, or more. It is a very heavy loam, 
partaking of the nature of gumbo at times. During rainy periods the 
surface drainage is hardly sufficient to carry off the water as it falls, 
and the soil is so close and sticky that the roads become quite muddy 
and often nearly impassable. The soil contains rather a high percent- 
age of organic matter. It is used almost exclusively for the production 
of a very fine quality of hard wheat. The farming is on an immense 
scale, and the cultivation is, as a rule, very superticial. This probably 
accounts for the low average yield of only about 12 bushels per acre 
upon soil which should and does under good cultivation give 40 or 50 
bushels.* The soil is a lacustrine or fresh- water deposit of the great 
Lake Agassiz, which formerly covered an immense area. The soils are 
quite similar, both in chemical composition and mechanical texture, to 
the famous wheat lands of the black-earth deposit or chernozem of 
Rus'sia. 

KAOLIN. 

Localities: 

Page. 
Florida, 1 sample (see Clay, pottery) 32 

Total, 1 sample. 

Description. — The basis of this classification is the chemical compo- 
sition and commercial use of the material. The sample of kaolin in 
the collection is derived mainly from the decomposition of highly 
feldspathic gneisses. As the gneiss rock contains, in addition to feld- 
spar, both quartz and mica, the resultant clay is more or less colored 
with iron and contains fragments of quartz and undecomposed feldspar. 
It is nearly always more or less impure. Where the mica has been 
very abundant the iron stain is so pronounced as to make the resultant 
clay suitable only for low grade stoneware. The kaolin used for the 
manufacture of pottery has to be washed and freed from impurities in 
nearly all cases. The kaolin contains many crystals characteristic of 
true kaolinite. A sample of washed kaolin analyzed by Professor Mer- 
rill' contained 48.73 per cent of silica, 37.02 per cent of aluminum, and 
12.83 per cent of combined water. This same samjile gave by mechan- 
ical analysis 30.86 per cent of silt, 7.31 per cent of fine silt, and 47.78 

1 Bull. 150, U. S. Geological Survey, 1898, page 384. 
8C70— No. 10 8 



114 FORMATIONS, KAOLINITE — KNOX SHALES. 

per cent of clay. Professor Merrill shows the material to be far from 
uuiform in composition, carrying abundant crystalline particles, such 
as ijuartz granules and shreds of nndecomposed feldsi)ar. The alkalies 
resnUing I'rom the decomposition of the felds})ar have almost entirely 
disappeared and over 12 per cent of water of crystallization has been 
taken up. The collection contains samples of crude kaolin and of the 
washed kaolin as used in the manufacturing of high-grade pottery. 

KAOLIN ITK. 

Locality: p^g^ 

Colorado, 1 sample 29 

Description. — This is a linely crystalline mineral, in loose crystals 
of almost nucros(topic size. It is contained in kaolin, in many impure 
clays, and is found in pure deposits in very few localities. It was 
formerly assumed to be the basis of all clays, but in itself and in a pure 
state it has none of the properties of clay. It is not plastic, nor does it 
contain as much capillary water as clay does. It is loose and granu- 
lar. The modern conception of the properties of clay is entirely differ- 
ent from this early conception, and the properties of a clay now are 
ascribed to certain properties of linely divided matter of various kinds. 
(See definition of clay under the appropriate head.) 

KEOKUK. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Kentucky, 2 samples 39 

Description. — The samples are of interest merely as representing a 
certain geological formation. 

KNOX DOLOMITK. 

Localities: -p^^^ 

Alabama, 13 samples (see Limestone) 23 

Tennessee, 6 samples (see Limestone) 64 

Total, 19 samples. 

Description. — These samples are interesting as representing a geo- 
logical formation and as being derived from a magnesium limestone. 
It is typically developed in Tennessee, where it forms a soil of consid- 
erable local importance. 

KNOX SANDSTONE. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Tennessee, 3 samples (see Cambrian) 63 

Description. — The samples from this fornuition are from Tennessee. 
They are interesting agriculturally, as tliey form some of the important 
fruit lands and bright-tobacco lands of east Tennessee. The basis of 
this classification is geological. 

KNOX SHALES. 

Locality: P„g^. 

Tennessee, 2 samples (see Cambrian ) 63 

Description. — These samjjles are interesting mainly from a geological 
standpoint and ofier no particularly interesting agricultural features. 



FORMATIONS, LACUSTRINE LAKE ERIE BOTTOM. 115 

LACUSTRINE (see JAMESTOWN VALLEY SOIL;. 

Localities : p 

Minnesota, 12 samples 51 

North Dakota, 17 samiiles 58 

Total, 29 samples. 

Description. — Lacustrine is a general term for deposits from fresh- 
water lakes, but it is applied in almost a specific manner to the vast 
deposits of the old glacial Lake Agassiz, in Minnesota and North 
Dakota, a prominent agricultural feature of which is the Jamestown 
Valley, which has been described under another head. The deposits 
may be of any sort of material, ranging from the coarsest sands and 
gravels to the finest clay. The basis of this classification is thus 
geological. 

LAFAYETTE. 

Localities : p 

Alabama, 51 samples 23 

District of Columbia, 12 samples 32 

Florida, 11 samples 31 

Louisiana, 8 samples 41 

Maryland, 15 samples 46 

Tennessee, 10 samples 64 

Total, 110 samples. 

Description. — The Lafayette formation has been very elaborately 
investigated and described by W J McGee. The formation extends 
from New Jersey along the Atlantic coast and Gulf States. It is made 
up of gravels, sands, and clays, and, as a rule, gives very poor soils. 
The samples in the collection are derived mainly from the pine barrens 
of southern Maryland, and most of them are coarse sands, having little 
or no agricultural value. The cause of the unproductiveness of these 
sands offers an interesting field for investigation, as they have sufficient 
plant food, and sands of equal coarseness in other localities have con- 
siderable value for certain plants and agricultural industries. Nothing 
has yet been tried on this particular formation, however, with any 
marked degree of success. There is no reason why some crops should 
not be found adapted to these lands, and the area become of recognized 
agricultural value in consequence of special adaptation to the con- 
ditions. The basis of this classification is geological. 

LAKE ERIE BOTTOM. 

Locality : 

^ Page. 

Ohio, 16 samples 58 

Description. — The basis of this classification is i^hysiographic. This 
is a series of sam))les collected by Mr. A. J. Pieters in investigating the 
flora of the bottom of Lake Erie in some work for the United States 
Fish Commission. The samples were taken at various distances from 
the shore and at ditterent depths. They range from a coarse sand, 
found near the shore, to a fine clay of greater depths. The texture 
"was not entirely determined by the depths, but in part by the confor- 
mation of the lands and the currents. There appears to be a marked 



116 FORMATION LIMESTONE. 

relation between the texture of the soil and tlie flora. About one-half 
of tlie samples contained over 20 per cent of clay. These had little or 
no vegetation, whether they were in deep or shallow water. The veg- 
etation is confined almost exclusively to soils containing less than 20 
per cent of clay. Tlie results of this will probably be embodied in the 
report of the commission. 

LKNOKK LIMESTONE. 

Locality: p^g, 

Tcuuessco, 4 samples 64 

Descrtption. — This formation has given some of the most fertile lands 
of middle Tennessee, including the blue grass region of that State. 
Tiie soils are strong clay lands, quite similar to the Trenton limestone 
lands of Kentucky, Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. 

LIMESTONE. 

Kinds and localities: 

Benton — Pago. 

Kansas, 12 samples (see Prairie) 37 

C arbon iferous — 

Kentucky, 20 samples 39 

Galena — 

Illinois, 1 sample (sec Prairie) 36 

Gunpowder lime land — 

Alabama, 2 samples 23 

Helderberg — 

Maryland, 21 samples 46 

Hudson River (.see Trenton). 

Keokuk — 

Kentucky, 2 samples 39 

Knox dolomite — 

Alabama, 13 samples 23 

Tennessee, 6 samples 64 

I>enore — 

Tennessee, 4 sanijiles 64 

Nasliville — 

Tennessee, 2 samples 64 

Quebec dolomite — 

Alabama, 4 samples 23 

St. Louis — 

Alabama, 17 samples 23 

Kentucky, ,5,5 samples 40 

Tennessee, 6y samples 64 

Trenton and Hudson River — 

Alabama, 2 samples 23 

Kentucky, 57 samples 40 

Maryland, 93 samples 46 

Ohio, 11 samples .5it 

Pennsylvania, 24 samples (.fee Tobacco land) 60 

Tennessee, 10 samphss 64 

Virginia, 53 samples 66 

Unclassified — 

California, 1 sample 28 

Wisconsin, 2 samples 69 

Total, 481 samples. 



FORMATION — LIMESTONE. 117 

Description. — The basis of this classification is geological. The lime- 
stoue soils as a rule give rise to very productive agricultural lands, but 
this is not necessarily so. The origin of large masses of limestone has 
usually been ascribed to the remains of organic life, as is certainly the 
case in many coral limestones. There is no doubt that organic life has 
had much to do with many of these limestone areas, but Mr. Bailey 
Willis calls attention to other physical and chemical means of forma- 
tion which have been rather too little considered, namely, that from 
evajwration from an inclosed sea and a chemical precipitation of lime 
and magnesia from ocean waters. 

Whatever the origin, the beds of limestone are usually intermingled 
with beds of shale, showing that the conditions of deposition were not 
uniformly alike while the material was being deposited. Sometimes 
there is a sharp line between the limestone and the other material, but 
usually this is not the case, and there is a gradual transition from lime- 
stone to shale. Frequently the limestone is far from pure and contains 
fragments of quartz and other finer material. 

The best known of the limestones, from an agricultural point of view, 
is the Trenton limestone, which gives rise under complete disintegra- 
tion to the very fertile blue-grass soils of Kentucky and the fertile 
lands of the Cumberland Valley in Virginia, IVlaryland, and Pennsyl- 
vania. The Trenton limestone, as occurring in this area, is a compact 
blue limestone, usually very pure carbonate of lime with some magne- 
sia. The rock frequently contains 91) per cent and occasionally as much 
as 99 per cent of carbonate of lime. This lime carbonate is relatively 
quite soluble in natural waters, especially where they are charged with 
carbonic acid. By the prolonged digestion and leaching with rain waters 
the carbonate of lime is almost completely removed, leaving the small 
percentage of impurities as a surface covering to the rock, which con- 
stitute the soils of tfje present time. Where there is but 1 per cent of 
impurities in the rock a vast amount of rock material must be dissolved 
and removed in solution in the formation of each ibot in depth of soil. 
As the limestone is usually bounded on either side by areas of less solu- 
ble material, such as shale and sandstone, the solution of the rock mass 
and consequent lowering of the surface over the limestone area gives 
rise to valleys bounded on either side by sandstone or shale ridges as 
a characteristic physiographic feature of a country derived from a pure 
limestone. A fresh limestone from Virginia, described by Prof. George P. 
Merrill ' and analyzed by Mr. George Steiger, contained 28.39 i)er cent of 
lime, 18.30 per cent of magnesia, and 41.85 per cent of carbon dioxide. 
The impurities amounted to 11.4(3 per cent. There was 7.37 per cent of 
silica, 1.92 per cent of aluminum, and 1.09 per cent of potash, the other 
impurities being in very small <piantities. The residual clay from this 
limestone contained only 0.50 per cent of lime, 1.18 per cent of magnesia, 
and 0.38 per cent of carbonic acid, so that the original constituents were 
almost entirely removed. The silica in this residual material had 



1 Bui, 150, ¥. S. Geolegical Survey, 1898, pages 384, 385. 



118 



FORMATION— LIVK-OAK LAND. 



increased to 55.90 per cent, the alumina to 19.1)2 yer cent, the potash to 
4.79 per cent. These, being in a less soluble form than the carbonates 
of lime and maf;nesia, had remained as the principal constituents of 
the residual clay. Another analysis (juoted by Mr. llusscll ' sliows even 
more strikingly the process of soil formation from the disintegration 
and solution of the Trenton limestone. 

Analysis of Trenton limestone and of the residual clay left by its decay. 



Constituents. 



SiOj.. 
Al,03 . 
FejOj. 
CaO .. 
MfiO.. 
KjO . . 
Na-iO . 
CO,... 
H,0 .. 



Unaltered 
limestone. 



0.44 



54.77 
Trace. 



42.72 

1.08 



Total 



99.43 



Residual 
clay. 



43.07 

25. 07 

15.16 

.63 

.03 

2.50 

1.20 

.00 

12.98 



100. 64 



Over this area of the Trenton limestone, from which most of the 
samples of that formation have been derived, the covering of residual 
clay is from 1 to 6 feet deep. The soil proi^er is from G to 12 inches 
deep, resting on a stiff, reddish yellow or orange-colored clay, contain- 
ing on an average about 30 per cent of clay, as shown by the mechan- 
ical analysis. Occasionally the soil contains fragments of limestone 
rock or of quartz. These soils as a rule are extremely fertile and very 
productive. They will stand a good deal of rough usage and of hard 
farming, but respond well to good treatment. On account of the great 
solubility of the carbonate of lime from which they are derived, they 
are frequently deficient in lime. It is no unusual thing to see the rocks 
brought up from just below the surface, burnt in kilns, and applied to 
the land as a top dressing. A limestone soil is not necessarily a cal- 
careous soil, the name signifying merely the origin and not the compo- 
sition of the soil. 

Farther south, in Georgia and Alabama, the Trenton limestone has 
associated with it many veins of quartz rock and other impurities. In 
the disintegration of the limestone this (piartz remains as fragments on 
the surface and distributed through the residual clay. Far from repre- 
senting the fertile conditions of the Northern soils, the Trenton limestone 
in this locality is noted as being classed among the poorest soils. So 
with some of the other limestones. The amount of (piartz and other 
impurities are so great that the resultant soils are stony and infertile, 
and the country is liable to be barren and unproductive. 



Locality : 

Mississippi, 2 samples 



LIVE-OAK LAND. 



Pafte. 
51 



* Water Supply and. Irrigation Papers, U. S. Geological Survey, No. 4, p. 64. 



FORMATION LOESS. " 119 

Description. — This is a soil classification of the Southern States based 
upon the native vegetation and refers to a strip of land near the ocean 
and gulf upon which the live oak is the principal native vegetation. 
Little can be said at present of the character of the soil or of any basis 
of classification, other than the mere occurrence of the live oak tiees. 
The soils, as a rule, are quite productive. 

LOESS. 

Localities : Page. 

China, 1 sample -9 

Illinois, 37 samples •--■ 36 

Iowa, 2 samples 37 

Kansas, 3 samples (see Prairie) 38 

Nebraska, 26 samples (see Prairie) 53 

Tennessee, 2 samples 65 

Total, 71 samples. 

Description.— This name is applied to a class of soils having very 
uniform texture and physical properties. Therefore, the basis of the 
classification is the physical property of the material. 

The loess is characterized by containing upward of 00 per cent of 
silt, as shown by the chemical analysis. It is a very fine loamy soil, 
usually containing a high percentage of lime. In typical localities it 
is permeated by little tubes formed either by worms or by the roots of 
plants which have decayed. It is loamy and soft to work and yet it 
resists erosion to a remarkable degree. Perpendicular cliffs stand for 
long periods without much erosion or surface alteration. Nearly every- 
where the loess is valued as a fertile and easily worked soil, responding 
readily to thorough cultivation. It is usually well drained, but in 
places it occurs as an impervious strata, having all the essential 
peculiarities of an impervious clay, which is extremely difiticult to 

improve. 

The origin of the loessis ascribed by different investigators to wind and 
water action. Probably each of these agents is responsible in certain 
localities. It is certain that the material has been sifted out, as in a 
mechanical analysis, and is made up of grains of nearly uniform size. 
Similar natural assortments of material occur in various places and of 
various-sized particles. Thus, the State of Nebraska is made up of sev- 
eral grades of material. The northern part of the State is covered by 
the sand hills, having uniformly coarse sandy soils. The southwestern 
part is covered by the plains marl, containing upward of 70 per cent of 
very fine sand. East of this is the loess, with 60 per cent of silt; wliile 
along the Missouri Eiver the clay soils contain from 30 to (iO per cent of 
clay, as indicated by the mechanical analysis. The same assortment 
of material is found in many localities in the old glacial lake deposit of 
the Connecticut River and along the sluggish rivers of the South 
Atlantic coast. In South Carolina the rich rice lands, containing from 
50 to (50 per cent of clay in the organic-free material^ are found along 



120 • FORMATION — LOESS. 

the sides of the rivers, where the waters have made broad terraces, in 
the dense vegetation of which the line silts and clays have been 
deposited. Farther up the river the sand l)ills show where the coarser 
material has been deposited, while the Sea Islands, formed in front of 
the mouths of the rivers, contain upward of 70 or 80 i)er cent of 
medium sized sand grains, as shown by the mechanical analysis. 

The loess is widely distributed in this country, especially along the 
Mississippi River, in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Nebraska. 
The soil collection contains samples from all of these localities and one 
sample from a typical locality in China which has been so widely studied 
and so often des(;ribed. 

I. C Russell' describes the adobe of the extreme Western States as 
a loess. This description applies so well to the loess, and brings out so 
strongly the prominent features, that a summary is given here: 

Distribution. — The area over which adobe forms a large part of the surface has not 
been jiccnrately mapped, but enough is known to indicate that it is essentially coex- 
tensive with the more arid portions of this country. In a Aery general way it may 
be considered as being limited to the region in which the mean annual rainfall is 
less than 20 inches. It forms the surface over large portions of Colorado, New Mex- 
ico, western Texas, Arizona, southern California, Nevada, Utah, southern Oregon, 
southern Idaho, and Wyoming. 

It occurs from near the sea level in Arizona, and even below sea level in soutliern 
California, uj) to an elevation of at least six or eight thousand feet along the eastern 
border of the Rocky Mountains and in the elevated valleys of New Mexico, Colorado, 
and Wyoming. It occupies depressions of all sizes, up to valleys having an area of 
hundreds of square miles. 

Thickness. — The maximum thickness of the adobe is always difficult to determine, 
for the reason that it is still accumulating, and has not been sufficiently dissected by 
erosion to expose sections of any considerable depth. That it not infrequently has 
a depth of many hundreds of feet is apparent to one who traverses the valley in 
which it occurs. The profiles of very many of these valleys indicate that they have 
probably been filled to a depth of at least 2,000 or 3,000 feet. In the larger valleys 
there are rocky crests called " lost mouutains," which project above the broad, level, 
desert surfaces, and are in reality the sunmiits of precipitous mountains that have 
been alnujst completely buried beneath recent accumulations. 

AVith these measurements before us, it does not seem that an estimate of 3,000 feet 
or more for the thickness of the superficial deposits in many of the valleys of the 
arid region is too great. 

Physical characters. — Typical examples of adobe may be seen in thousands of 
places in the arid region, where sun-dried bricks are being made. In every Indian 
and Mexican village of Arizona and New Mexico there are excavations where mate- 
rial has been obtained for this purpose. Many times the bricks used in the con- 
struction of a building are made from the earth removed in digging its foundations. 
At these and many other localities, where the adobe is open to view, it appears as a 
fine-grained porous earth, varying in color through many shades of gray and yellow, 
which crumbles between the fingers, but separates most readily in a vortical direc- 
tion. The coherency of the material is so great that vertical scarps will stand for 
many years without forming a noticeable talus slope. The sun-dried bricks made 
from it are more durable than the escarpments Of natural earth and, when built into 



' "Snbaerial Deposits of the Arid Region of North America." — I. C. Russell. The 
Geological Magazine, Vol. VI, No. 7, July, 1889. 



FORMATIONS, LONG-LEAF PINE FLATS LONG-LEAF PINE HILLS. 121 

walls, are capable of standing the atmospheric conditions to wliich they are sub- 
jected for scores of years. There are buildings now in use in Santa Fe, N. Max., 
built of sun-dried bricks, which, I have been assured on good authority, have been 
standing for more than a century. 

The adobe used for brick making is usually light gray in color, but this is not 
always the case. It is frequently light yellow, and has varying tints, according to 
locality. Sometimes it has a reddish tint, caused by the prevailing color of the 
surrounding rocks from which it was in large part derived. The gray color of the 
adobe commonly seen in buildings is due in many, and probably in all cases, to an 
admixture of organic matter. Its characteristic color, when free from organic mat- 
ter, is light yellow. 

The principal characteristics observed were the extreme angularity of the parti- 
cles composing the deposit, and the undecomposed condition of the various minerals 
entering into its composition. Adobe collected at typical localities is so fine in 
texture that no grit can be felt when it is rubbed between the fingers. 

Chemical characters. — Analyses of several samples of adobe show that it not only 
has a varied composition, but diflers in its chemical characteristics in dift'erent 
localities. 

These analyses show that adobe is very distinct from residual clays, as is also 
proven by its appearance under the microscope. The analyses of residual clays from 
the southern Appalachian region [show them to be] composed essentially of ferru- 
ginous silicate of alumina and are remarkably free from substances which are readily 
soluble in ordinary surface waters. Adobe, on the other hand, has a complex com- 
position and carries many substances which on exposure to percolating waters 
would be dissolved out. The difference is shown esiiecially by the absence of cal- 
cium from residual clays and its abundance in adobe. Correlated with those differ- 
ences in chemical composition are marked contrasts of color. The prevailing and 
characteristic color of residual clays is dark red; the adobe when not affected by 
organic matter is light yellow. 

LONG-LEAF PINK FLATS. 

Locality: -^ 

•^ Page. 

Louisiana, 6 samples 41 

Description. — Hilgard describes the pine flats of Louisiana as follows : ^ 

The soil of the pine flats proper in this region is not materially different from that 
of the pine prairies, with which its herbaceous growth has much in common. It is a 
whitish or gray unreteutive silt, with brown ferruginous or rusty spots, increasing 
downward, and indicating a lack of drainage. The cause is found, at a depth of 18 
to 30 inches, in a compact whitish or bluish subsofl, full of bog-ore gravel, and con- 
sisting generally of siliceous silt compacted by clay, or sometimes of true clay, 
almost impervious to water, and of the consistence of putty, where it is brought up 
by the crawfish that commonly inhabit the lower tracts. The roots of the pines 
themselves remain above this water-sodden substratum, and hence hurricanes uproot 
them with great ease. 

In the better-drained portions a very pale yellow silty loam is found in the place 
of the white "crawfishy" subsoil. 



Localities : 



LONG-LEAF PINE HILLS. 



Page. 

Louisiana, 26 samples 41 

Mississippi, 2 samples 51 

Total, 28 samples. 

' Tenth Census, Vol. V, Cotton Production, Part I, Louisiana, p. 26. 



122 FOR^rATIONS, LOWER PINE BELT MARLS. 

Description. — Hilgard describes the pine hills of Louisiana as follows :' 

A sandy, pale-yellow subsoil, covered a few inches deep by a tawny or gray, some- 
times ashy, but more generally light, sandy surface soil, characterizes the long-leaf 
l)ine liilla from Texas to (ieorgia. * * * The pervious soil and subsoil, often 
underlaid Ity loose, pervious sand at the dei)th of 1^ to 3 feet, prevents the formation 
of deep gullies or abrupt banks. Hence the dividing ridges are mostly broad and 
gently rolling plateaus, whose valleys are often without any definite water channels 
in their upper portions; wells in such regions sometimes iinding only sand for 150 
feet. * * * 

The long-leaf pine forest is mostly open, so that a wagon can frequently traverse 
it with little more difficulty than the open prairie. The shade of the pine being 
very light, grasses and other plants re(|uiring sunshine flourish underneath thera, 
thus affording an excellent pasture, which fact has made stock-breeding the earliest 
industry of this region. 

The ai)lands are usually exhausted by a few years' culture in corn or cotton, the 
(•roi)s being often fairly remunerative for the time, especially on tracts where a 
notable amount of oak and hickory mingles with the pine. In general, however, the 
bottoms of the larger streams are alone looked to for cotton production in the long- 
leaf pine hills. As in the prairies and tiats, we find in them occasional oases of fer- 
tile land; usually ridges timbered with oak and some short-leaf i^ine. 

LOWER PINE BELT. 

Locality: -p^^^ 

South Carolina, 7 samples 61 

Description. — Harry Hammond describes the lower pine belts of South 
Carolina as follows:^ 

The general appearance of the country is low and flat. The uniform level of the 
surface is scarcely broken anywhere, except here and there on the banks of the streams 
by the occurrence of slightly rolling lands. Its maximum elevation above tide- 
water is 134 feet. * * * It appears that the average slope is about 3A feet per 
mile. * * * This fall would, with skillful engineering, be sufiticient for thorough 
drainage as well as for irrigntion. Lett as it is, however, wholly to the operations 
of nature, this desirable object is far from being accomplished, and the broad but 
slow currents of the tortuous streams never free the swamps and lowlands of their 
superfluous water. 

MAGNESIA SOIL. 

Localities: p^^^ 

Kansas, 1 sample (see Prairie) 38 

Nebraska, 2 samples (see Prairie) 53 

Total, 3 samples. 

Description. — The samples of magnesia soil in the collection were 
obtained by Professor Hay in Kansas, and little is known about the 
localities from which they are derived or the cliaracter of the soil, 

MARLS. 

Kinds and localities: 

Cretaceous — Pajre. 

Maryland, 2 samples 47 

Eocene — 

Maryland, it samples 47 

Miocene — 

Maryland, 7 samples '. 47 

Total, 18 samples. 

' Tenth Census, Vol. V, Cotton Production. Part I, Louisiau.i. pp. 2Ci, 27. 

*Teuth Census, Vol. VI, Cotton I'roduction in South Carolina, Part II, 1880, p. 22. 



FORMATIONS, MAUCH CHUNK MIOCENE. 123 

Description. — The soil collection contains a number of samples of 
marls. The Miocene marls are all shell marls, more or less rich in 
carbonate of lime. Part of the Cretaceous and Eocene marls are '^ shell 
marls" also, but part of them are the greensand marls containing more 
or less glauconite or greensand as the characteristic feature. 

MAUCH CHUNK. 

Locality: ^.^^^ 

Maryland, 4 samples (see Subcarboniferous) 47 

Description. — The samples from this formation are from Maryland, 
and they are only interesting from the geological formation from which 
they have been derived. The area is very small and of little agricul- 
tural value. 

MEDINA SANDSTONE. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Maryland, 4 samples 47 

Description. — The samples of Medina sandstone are of interest mainly 
as coming from this geological formation. The Medina sandstone is a 
hard rock, which disintegrates very slowly and forms the capping of 
several mountains in western Maryland. The lands have little or no 
agricultural value. 

MESA SOIL. 

Localities : p 

California, 2 samples (see Unclassified) 28 

New Mexico, 2 samples 55 

Total, 4 sami^les. 

Description. — The mesa or table land is an interesting physiographic 
feature in the Pacific coast States. They are generally tiat table-lands, 
elevated from 20 to 100 or more feet above the surrounding country. 
The soils may be of various kinds, the classification being physio- 
graphic. The term has no more agricultural meaning than the term 
"valley lauds" would have. 

MIOCENE. 

Localities : p^^^ 

District of Columbia, 2 samples (see Chesapeake) 32 

Maryland, 94 samples (see Chesapeake) 44 

New Jersey, 4 samples 55 

Total, 100 samples. 

Description. — The classification here is geological, and the group may 
contain soils of all grades, including gravels, sands, and clays. The 
samples from Maryland, however, are particularly interesting, as they 
are derived from the diatomaceous horizon of the miocene. The dia- 
tomaceous earth occurs in very pure deposits in southern Maryland, 
in beds of great thickness. Lumps of this material will frequently 
fioat in water from the large amount of air contained in the spaces 



124 FORMATIONS, MIXED LAND MOJAVE DESERT SOIL. 

between the particles. Under the microscope more than thirty species 
of diatoms have been found in the material, many of them of very 
beautiful forms. This diatomaceous earth is familiar in the commercial 
form of "silicon," used for polishing and cleauin<>- silverwares and in 
several other forms for packing; steam chests and boilers. It is used 
also as an absorbent for nitroglycerine in the manufacture of dynamite. 
On exposure to air in a moist condition this white diatomaceous earth 
(luickly disintegrates into a fine yellow loam, forming the wheat and 
tobacco lands of southern Maryland. 

MIXED LAND. 

Locality: ^age. 

Florida, 10 samples 34 

Description. — This is a light sandy area in Florida upon which the 
red oak and long leaf i)ine grow together. In this respect it is inter- 
mediate between the pine lands and the hammock. There is no appre- 
ciable dilfereuce in the soil of any of these three formations, but a very 
decided difilerence in the character of the native vegetation and the 
agricultural value, the reason for which is not understood. The classi- 
fication is thus based upon the botanical character of the native 
vegetation. 

MOJAVE DESERT SOIL. 

Locality: p^g^ 

California, 9 samples 28 

Description. — The surface of the Mojave Desert around Lancaster, 
Cal., where most of these samples were obtained, is covered with a 
rather coarse sand which is somewhat compact below the surface of the 
ground. This compact sand is frequently exjwsed as the loose surface 
sand is blown off. The samples were collected at least 20 miles from 
the mountains in the midst of a level plain. No rain had fallen for at 
least five and one-half months before the samides were taken. Contrary 
to expectation the soil at a dejith of 12 to 18 inches below the surface 
was still moist. The amount of moisture in the subsoil was probably 
not sufticient to supjiort any of our commercial crops, and what moisture 
there was was alkaline, but the fact of there being any moisture at all 
with no rain for so long a time is a subject for very careful investiga- 
tion. There was a sparse native vegetation i)eculiar to the deserts of 
that locality. The surface wells over this part of the desert vary in 
depth from to 30 feet, occasionally being 200 feet deep. On certain 
parts of the desert it is the common practice to dig water holes for 
stock from 6 to 10 feet deep, which (juickly fill with water, affording 
a supply for stock. The water as a rule is strongly imi)regnated with 
alkali. There is an artesian belt under a portion of the desert. The 
distance to water varies with the nature of the underlying material, as 
in the humid portions of the country. The basis of this classification 
IS thus physiographic, and the group may contain different kinds of soil. 



FORMATIONS, MOLDING SAND ORISKANY SANDSTONE. 125 

MOLDING SAND. 

LocaHties : ' p^^^ 

Maryland, 1 sample (see Unclassified) 49 

Pennsylvania, 2 samples {see Unclassified) 60 

Total, 3 samples. 

Description. — This is a saud of medium-sized grains, which in a moist 
conditiou receives impressions and holds up well when molten metals 
are poured into the molds. Molding sand may be used a number of 
times, but finally it loses its powers of cohesion and becomes "dead," 
The reason for this is not understood, as there is no apparent change 
visible to the eye and it is only apparent to the workmen. The best 
grades of molding sands are found in few localities — one of the princi- 
pal sources of supply foi; the Eastern States being near Albany, N. Y. 
The collection contains samples of both the good and the "dead "sand 
and otters an interesting field of investigation on some problems con- 
nected with the physical properties of soils. The basis of this classifi- 
cation is the commercial use to which it is adapted. 

NASHVILLE LIMESTONE. 

Locality: p^g^ 

Tennessee, 2 samples 64 

Description. — The Nashville limestone is similar to the Trenton lime- 
stone and gives rise to some of the most fertile agricultural lands in 
the blue grass region of Tennessee. For a general discussion of the 
limestone soils, see Limestone. 

ORANGE SAND. 

Localities: ^^^^ 

Alabama, 54 samples (see Lafayette) 23 

Louisiana, 8 samples (see Lafayette) 4l 

Tennessee, 10 samples {see Lafayette) 64 

Total, 72 samples. 

Description, — The samples of the orange sand formation are sandy 
loams, easily worked, and very i^roductive and durable when jiroperly 
managed. They wash badly, however, when neglected. These soils 
are quite similar in texture to the loess, containing upward of 00 per 
cent of silt as shown by the mechanical analysis. 

ORISKANY SANDSTONE. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Maryland, 12 samples 47 

Description. — The Oriskany sandstone formation occurs in narrow 
belts in the mountains of western Maryland. The rock disintegrates 
with difiiculty and usually forms a capping to the mountain ranges. 
It gives rather a coarse-grained sandy soil, usually containing many 
fragments of rock. The areas of this soil are small and of very little 
agricultural importance. 



126 FORMATlOiNS, PEKMIAN I'lNEAPPLE LAND. 

TEKMIAN. 

Locality: Page. 

Texas, 2 samples 65 

Description. — The samples of the Permian formation in the collection 
represent some of the best wheat lands of Texas. 

PIIILLITK. 

Localities: Page. 

Maryland, 55 samples 47 

Penns.y Ivania, 2 samples {ace Tobacco land ) 60 

Total, 57 samples. 

Description. — This is mainly a hydromica schist, occurring on the 
Piedmont plateau and found in large areas in Maryland, Pennsylvania, 
and Virginia. It forms some of the most fertile lands of the Piedmont 
area of these States. It is adapted to corn, wheat, and grass, and is a 
fair type of the most productive soils of the Eastern States for general 
agricultural purposes. 

PIERRE SHALES. 

Locality: Page. 

Montana, 2 samples 52 

Description. — The samples from this formation are from the Yellow- 
stone Valley, Montana. The rocks bound the southern side of the 
Yellowstone Valley and give rise to the heavy type of clay and gumbo 
soil found in the valley. In many places in the valley tLis clay is 
mixed with or overlaid with sandy soils of the Fox Hill sandstones. 
The shales carry a quantity of "alkali" salts, mainly sodium sulphate 
and magnesium sulphate, together with large quantities of gypsum. 
The soils derived from these shales likewise contain considerable alkali. 
A full description of these soils is given in Bulletin No. 14 of this 
Division, "On the Investigation of the Alkali Soils of the Yellowstone 
Valley." 

PINEAPPLE LAND. 

Locality: Page. 

Florida, 10 samples • '^ 

Description.^ — Pineapples are grown very extensively on tlie high pine laud at 
Orlando, Wiiiterliaven, and at many other places in the center of the i)eninsula, but 
along the east coast from Fort Pierce down to Lake Worth there is a narrow strip of 
conutry almost entirely devoted to the pineapple industry. The pineapple lands 
comprise here a narrow strip, hardly more than an eighth or a fourth of a mile 
wide, with the Indian Kiver or the ocean on one side and the pine flats on the other, 
stretching out into the great savannas or everglades. The ridge has an average 
elevation of perhaps 15 or 20 feet. The growth is mainly scrub oak, spruce pine, 
and palmetto. Much of it is ([uitc dense and the character of the growth makes it 
<iuite expensive to clear the land. The soil is a co.irse sand, almost pure white and 
to all appearances as free from any trace of plant food as the cleanest glass sand. 
The subsoil is either a coarse Avhite or yellow sand. The yellow sand is generally 
preferred, as it is considered rather stronger than the white. Nothing would seem 



' Bull No. 18, Division of Soils, pages 1(5 and 17. 



FORMATIONS, PINE BARRENS PIPE CLAY. 127 

more unpromising to a Northern farmer than the white sand thrown out from a ditch 
or exposed in a railroad cut extending through these pineapple soils, upon which 
the pineapple industry is so prolitable and the returns are so sure that the growers 
can not only afford enormous applications of fertilizers, but expend from $400 to $500 
an acre in irrigation or in covering the fields with open lattice sheds. * * * 

This land presents some very interesting problems to the student of the soil, as it 
appears to be lacking in every requisite of food and to have the physical conditions 
most unsuited to agricultural purposes. * » * 

There is no more striking example of the adaptation of special soil conditions to 
particular crops thau is afforded here, and the utiliziug of conditions which could 
not possibly have been used for general agricultural purposes. If the whole country 
were looked ovr it would be hard to find a less promising soil than this, which, 
however, through a peculiar adaptation to a certain kind of plant has, when cleared 
and planted, a value ranging from $500 to $2,500 per acre and eveu more. 

The mouths of March, April, and May constitute the dry season for that locality, 
and the two latter months are important in the pineapple industry, as that is the 
time when the apple is forming. Serious damage has often been done at this season 
by severe droughts, and to provide against this injury irrigation has been employed 
to quite a considerable extent. The usual method of irrigation is to produce a fine 
overhead spray with standpipes 3 or 4 feet high at intervals of from 15 to 20 feet 
each way. This method had not been altogether satisfactory, however, and lately 
the method of shading has come into considerable use. The roof of the open shed 
consists of 3-inch strips nailed to light framework, the strips being 3 inches apart, 
so that less than one-half as much sunlight falls upon the plants or the surface of 
the ground as would be received if the shed were not there. This tends to retard 
evaporation from the soil and from the plant. It is also very efficient in protecting 
the plants against frosts, and it is used for this purpose extensively in the north- 
ern part of the pineapple area. 

The most favorable water content for these soils is from 3 to 4 per cent. The 
drought line is about 2 per cent. 

PINE BARRENS. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Maryland, 15 samples (see Lafayette) 46 

Description. — The soils are coarse sandy lands, covered with rather 
small growth of pine with considerable undergrowth. The lands have 
little agricultural value for any of our commercial crops. 

PIPE CLAY. 

Localities: p 

Alabama, 1 sample (see Unclassified) 24 

South Carolina, 2 samples (see Trap) 62 

Virginia, 14 samples (see Barrens) 66 

Total, 17 samples. 

Description, — This is a very impervious impure clay, found in a 
number of geological formations. Where reasonably pure and plastic 
it would be used for pottery. The term is confined to the eastern part 
of the country. It corresponds with the heavy adobe and gumbo 
soils of the West. In its agricultural sense it means any soil which is 
close and sticky when wet, nearly impervious to water, and which 
requires underdrainage for profitable cultivation. It may contain a 
large amount of clay, or it may be made up mainly of silt or even fine 



128 FORMATIONS, PLAINS MARL PONTOTOC RIDOE. 

saud, wliicli soinctinies possesses these impervious, plastic qualities. 
For further discussiou of tliis subject see under the head of "Clays, 
pottery." The basis of this classification is the physical property of 
the material. 

PLAINS MAUL. 

'Localities: p^g^ 

Colorado, 3 samples (see Prairie) 30 

Kansas, 23 samples (see Prairie) 38 

Nebraska, 15 samples (see Prairie) 53 

Total, 41 samples. 

Description. — This is an interesting soil area, as it is one of the 
classes of sediments whicli have been assorted out into a nearly 
iiiiifbrm size of grain by wind or moving water. It covers a large area 
in western Nebraska and Kansas. It is a very iine loam containing 
upwards of 70 per cent of very fine sand, as shown by the mechanical 
analysis. This is one grade c(mrser than the loess, which adjoins it 
upon the east. The soil usually contains rather a high percentage of 
carbonate of lime. It is easily worked and exceedingly fertile and 
productive when properly cultivated. 

PLEISTOCENE (see TRUCK LAND). 

Description.— The samples under this name, from New Jersey, repre- 
sent merely this particular geologic age. The character of the samples 
may be quite different, as they include gravels, sands, and clays. 

POCONO SANDSTONE. 

Locality : Page. 

Maryland, 5 samples (see Subcarboniferons) 47 

Description. — This is a group of little agricultural importance, as the 
rock is not easily disintegrated and forms cappings of some of the 
mountains of western Maryland. The soils are usually coarse-grained 
sands, and have little agricultural value. 

POCOSON REGION. 

Locality : Page. 

North Carolina, 8 samples - 56 

Description. — These soils cover a large area in eastern North Carolina. 
The soil is very deei), black, and rich looking, but the country is very 
level, low, and flat, with insufticientfall to give adequate surface drain- 
age. The country was once drained with an extensive system of open 
ditches, but since the war these have been neglected and are no longer 
efficient. The lands need drainage, but this is diificult to provide on 
account of the topography of the country. 

PONTOTOC RIDGE. 

Locality : Page. 

Mississippi, 2 samples 51 



FORMATIONS, POST-TERTIARY POTSDAM SANDSTONE. 129 

Description. — This is a geological elassificatiou adopted by tlie Mis- 
sissippi survey. Little is known of the character of the soils, except 
as these have been described in Hilgard's report on the geology of Mis- 
sissippi and in the Tenth Census. 

POST-TERTIARY. 

Locality : „ 

"^ Page. 

Kentucky, 26 samples 40 

Description. — These are fertile tobacco lands in the western part of 
Kentucky, between the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers. 



Localities : 

Page. 

District of Columbia, 6 samples 32 

Maryland, 13 samples 47 

■ Total, 19 samples. 

Description. — The Potomac formation extends in a narrow belt from 
New Jersey southward, through the Atlantic coast States, along the 
fall line of the rivers. It belongs to the Lower Cretaceous. It is 
usually unproductive, and is made up of a succession of various colored 
clays, gravels, and sands. The samples in the collection are mainly 
from Maryland and represent the red and white clay features of the 
formation. These red clays contain from 30 to 50 per cent of clay, as 
shown by the mechanical analysis, and have about the same texture as 
the Trenton limestone soils, forming fertile lands of the Cumberland 
Valley in western Maryland. It is i)robable, however, that the struc- 
ture is different as the Potomac clays are very impervious to water and 
the movement of water through them is so slow that plants may sufter 
w'here an analysis would show an abundant supply of moisture. The 
growth on these clay lands is mainly pine. The same class of vegeta- 
tion and the same habits of growth are seen as prevail in the loose dry 
sands of the pine barrens. This offers an interesting subject for inves- 
tigation in soil physics, as the infertility of these Potomac clays is 
unquestionably due to their physical properties and conditions. 

POTTS VILLE. 

Locality : 

'' Page. 

Maryland, 8 samples 47 

Description. — These samples are interesting merely as they represent 
this particular geological formation in Maryland. The area is small 
and the soils have little agricultural value. 

POTSDAM SANDSTONE. 

Locality: 

"^ Page. 

Pennsylvania, 1 sample 60 

Description. — This sample merely represents this particular formation 
and little is known about the character of the soils. 
8670— No. 16 9 



130 FORMATIONS, PRAIRIE — PROVISION LAND. 

I'KAIRIE. 

Localities: Page. 

Alabama , 5 samples 24 

California, 1 sample (see Alluvial soils) 27 

Colorado, 12 samples 29 

Illinois, ol samples '^G 

Kansas, 102 samples 38 

Louisiana, 77 samples 42 

Minnesota. 16 samples (see Lacustrine) 51 

Mississippi, (! samples 51 

Montana, 67 samples 52 

Nebraska, 177 samples 53 

North Dakota, 53 samples - - - 58 

Oklahoma, 5 samples (see Unclassified) 59 

South Dakota, 11 samples 63 

Texas, 4 samples 65 

Wisconsin, 7 samples 69 

Total, 574 samples. 

Description. — This classificatiou is based upon the botanical charac- 
teristics in the absence of trees. Prairies may be level or rolling and 
they may contain all kinds of soils of any geological formation. The 
reason for the absence of trees has been an interesting field of investi- 
gation, upon which much has been written in the past. The most plaus- 
ible reason is the occurrence of forest lires which have annually swept 
over the country, destroying all trees and even the seeds of trees. Very 
ingenuous theories have been advanced, holding that the soil itself is 
not adapted to tree growth. This is hardly tenable, as the prairies con- 
tain soils of the most varied chemical composition and i^hysical struc- 
ture. There are large areas in Tennessee which have been particularly 
studied, which were formerly prairies,which are now covered with a luxu- 
riant tree growth. Many successful attempts have been made at forest 
plantings on various prairies in the West, proving that, the soil is not 
necessarily unsuited to tree growth. Still, such forests do not spread 
very rapidly, and it is noticeable that even along the wooded water 
courses the tree growth does not spread inland to any great distance 
from the rivers. The question is not satisfactorily settled and still 
offers an interesting field of speculation and investigation. 

• PROVISION LAND. 

Locality: Pj,gp 

South Carolina, 4 samples 61 

Description. — On the sea islands off the coast of South Carolina 
the principal cotton lands are around the edges of the islands where 
the drainage is good. In the interior, with nearly the same character 
of soil, the drainage is not so good and M'ater stands within a short 
distance of the surlace. There is often a layer of bog iron ore within 
2 or 3 feet of the surface, which is very impervious to water. These 
lands are not adapted to the sea island cotton, but they produce good 



FORMATIONS, QUARTZITE QUICKSAND. 131 

crops of corn and forage, and they are used for this purpose; hence 
their name. The soils are darker than the better-drained cotton lands, 
as would naturally be expected. 

QUARTZITE. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Maryland, 2 samples 47 

Description. — These sainj)les are from a narrow ridge in central 
Maryland. The soils are of rather coarse-grained sand, covered with 
a growth of chestnut. They are of small extent and have little agri- 
cultural value. They stand out as a prominent feature of the country, 
both from the elevation of the ridges and the dense chestnut growth. 

QUICKSAXD. 

Localitii: „ 

•J Page. 

Maryland, 1 sample (see Unclassified) 49 

Description. — This group is interesting from the peculiar physical 
characteristics that are not very well understood. The name is often 
applied to layers of sand through which springs of water bubble up. 
This sand, being filled with a large volume of flowing water, is soft, 
easily caves in, and allows heavy objects to sinR into it. The grains 
of quicksand are rather uniform in size and have rounded edges. Some 
authorities believe the peculiar properties to be due entirely to the 
rounded condition of the grains and the condition of saturation. The 
sample in the collection is fron) a small area in a spring. There are 
no samples representing the large dangerous areas occasionally found 
in this and foreign countries. These deposits are so mysterious and 
treacherous and tlie occasional accidents are so sudden, appalling, and 
tragic that they have often been described by novelists in the most 
graphic way. 

The following, by Victor Hugo,' is one of the most remarkable and 
powerful descriptions of quicksand given in any literature, and shows 
very strikingly the popular conception of many treacherous areas: 

It sometimes happens, on certain coasts of Brittany or Scotland, that a man, trav- 
eler or fisherman, walking on the beach at low tide far from the bank, suddenly 
notices that for several minutes he has been walking with some difficulty. The 
strand beneath his feet is like pitch; his soles stick to it; it is sand no longer, it is 
glue. The beach is perfectly dry, but at every step he takes, as soon as he lifts his 
foot, the print which it leaves fills with water. The eye, however, has noticed no 
change; the immense strand is smooth and tranquil, all the sand has the same 
appearance, nothing distinguishes the surface which is solid from the surface which 
is no longer so; the joyous little crowd of sand fleas continues to leap tumultuously 
over the wayfarer's feet. The man piirsues his way, goes forward, inclines toward 
the laud, endeavors to get nearer the upland. He is not anxious. Anxious about 
what"? Only he feels somehow as if tlie weight of his feet increased with every step 
which he takes. Suddenly he sinks in ; he sinks in 2 or 3 inches. Decidedly he is not 



^ Les Miserables. 



132 FORMATIONS, QUEBEC DOLOMITE — RED CHAPARRAL. 

on the right road; he stops to take his heariiiuis. All at once he looks :it his feet; his 
feet have (lisai)])eare(l; tlie sand covers them. He draws his feet out of the sand; 
he will retrace his steps; he turns back, he sinks deeper in; the sand comes up to 
bis ankle; be pulls himself out and throws himself to the left, the sand is half 
leg deep; be throws himself to the right, the sand comes up to his shins. Then 
he recognizes with unspeakable terror that he is caught in the quicksand and 
that lie has beneath him the fearful medium in which man can no more walk 
than the fish can swim. He throws oif bis load if he has one, he lightens him- 
self like a ship in distress; it is already too late, the sand is above his knees; 
he calls; be waves his hat or bis handkerchief; the sand gains on him more and 
more. H'tho beach is deserted; if the land is too far off; if tbi^ sand bank is of too 
ill-repute; if there is no hero in sight, it is all over — he is condennied to cnlizemcut; 
be is condemned to that appalling interment — long, infallible, iui))lacablc, impossi- 
ble to slacken or to hasten; which endures for hours; which will not end; which 
seizes you erect, free, and in full health; which draws you by the feet; which, at 
every eftort that y«u attempt, at every shout that you utter, drags you a little 
deeper; which appears to punish you for your resistance by a redoubling ol its 
grasp ; which sinks the man slowly into earth while it leaves him all the time to 
look at the horizon, the trees, the greeu fields, the smoke of the villages in the plain, 
the sails of the ships upon the sea, the birds flying and singing, the sunshine, the 
sky. Enlizement is the grave become a tide and rising from the depths of the earth 
toward a living man. Each minute is an inexorable enshroudress. The victim 
attempts to sit down, to lie down, to creep. Every movement be makes inters him. 
He straightens up; he sinks in. He feels that he is being swallowed np; be howls, 
implores, cries to the clouds, wrings his hands, despairs. Behold his waist — deep 
in the sand. The sand reaches his breast, he is now only a bust. He raises bis 
arms, utters lurious groans, clutches the beach with bis nails, would bold by that 
straw, leans upon his elbows to pull himself out of this soft sheath, sobs frenziedly. 
The sand rises; the sand reaches bis shoulders ; the sand reaches his neck. The face 
alone is visible now. The mouth cries; the sand fills in — silence. The eyes still 
gaze; the sand shuts them — night. Then the forehead decreases, a little hair flut- 
ters above the sand, a baud protrudes — comes through the surface of the beach — 
moves and shakes and disappears. Sinister eflacement of a m;in. 

The depth of tbese areas lias never beeu sounded nor the conditions 
and properties sufficiently studied. It oilers an interesting line of 
investigation to the soil physicist. It is the extreme opposite of pipe 
clay in physical properties, and, while seldom encountered in such areas 
as described by Victor Hugo, is frequently of considerable economic 
importance in digging wells and excavating for the foundation of 
buildings. 

QUEBEC DOLOIMITE. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Alabama, 4 samples 23 

Description. — These soils are rather heavy clay, usually containing a 
large amount of chert and fragments of undecomposed rock. 

1{K1) CHArAURAI.. 

Locality : p^^^ 

Califomia, 3 samples (nee Unclassified) 29 

Descnption.^ — On the mountain slopes of the Santa Cruz range the lands are 
largely covered with "chaparral" or scrub growth. A sample of chaparral soil 
from Saratoga, Cal., is a dark reddish-brown color when dry, forming hard lumps; 



Tenth Census, Vol. VI, Part II, Cotton Production in California, 1880, page 51. 



FORMATIONS, RED LAND RICE LAND. 133 

dry umber color when wet, softening easily; quite stift" in working, but assuming 
good tiltb when taken at the right stage of moisture. Below 12 inches lies a 
gravelly, rather stift' clay subsoil of an orange tint. More or less fragments of the 
country rock (a fine, soft, calcareous sandstone or shale) are contained in both soil 
and subsoil. 

RKD LAND. 

Localities : „ 

Page. 

Alabama, 17 samples {see St. Louis limestone) 23 

Florida, 11 samples {see Lafayette) 34 

South Carolina, 13 samples {see Red Hill formation) 62 

Total, 41 samples. 

Description. — The "red lands" of Sou^h Carolina adjoin the Sand 
Hills on one side and the upper pine belt on the other. There is a 
large area of these lands around Aiken and another one at Wedgefield. 
The soil is a red loam and the subsoil is a rather stiff red clay, which, 
however, is well drained. The lands are very well adapted to cotton 
and corn. They are easily cultivated and respond readily to fertilizers 
and thorough cultivation. They are easily run down, liowever, if they 
are neglected or abused. The soils of this class in Alabama and Florida 
are similar to those of South Carolina. 

RED KIVEK VALLEY {see LACUSTRINE and .JAMESTOWN VALLEY). 

Localities : 

Page. 

Minnesota, 12 samples 51 

North Dakota, 17 samples {see Lacustrine) 58 

Total, 29 samples. 

RICE LAND. 

Localities : 

Page. 

Florida, 18 samples {see Muck land) 34 

Louisiana, 77 samples 42 

North Carolina, 7 samples {see Alluvial soil) 5(5 

South Caroliua, 7 samples (see Alluvial soil) 61 

Total, 109 samples. 

description. — The soils of the rice lands are very rich alluvial 
deposits in the Southern States brought down from the u])country and 
deposited along the low-level terraces at high tide or when the water 
overflows its banks during the time of freshets. The unconsolidated 
material of the coastal plains is very much broader at the south, and 
the rivers having cut down into this are broad and sluggish. The 
upland soils in the South, as a rule, wash much more readily than soils 
of the Northern States, and the sediments carried by these sluggish 
streams contain the most fertile portion of the soil of the upcouutry. 
The soil of the rice lands is a very strong and plastic clay, containing 
from 20 to 50 per cent of organic matter so thoroughly disintegrated 
in the best rice lands as to have lost all of its original structure and 
exists as an amorplious humus-like mass. In its usual moist or wet con- 
dition the soil can be cut with ease, like butter, and worked like putty. 
A stick can be pushed down into it to a very considerable depth. Cul- 
tivation is usually done by oxen, instead of mules or horses, as they are 



134 FORMATIONS, SALINA SANDSTONE SAND HILLS. 

less likely to mire in this soft, sticky material. A description of these 
soils, with their mechanical analysis and methods of cultivation, is con- 
tained in lieport No. of the Miscellaneous Series of the Division of 
Statistics of this Department, on " Kice, its Cultivation, Production, 
and Distribution in tiio Tnited States and Foreign Countries.'' 

SALINA SANDSTONK. 

Locality: p^_,^ 

Marylaud, 1 sample 47 

Description. — This is a small area, in narrow belts of red clay loam, 
found in the mountains of western Maryland. The area represented by 
the samples is so small that it is of little or no agricultural importance, 
and the samples are interesting merely as they represent this geological 
formation. 

SALT-GRASS LAND. 

Localities: _ 

Page. 

California, 1 sample (sec Unclassitied) 29 

Kansas, 2 samples {see Prairie) 38 

Total, 3 samples. 

Description. — Over many of the western plains there are frequent 
small depressions where soluble salts, or so-called "alkali salts,'' have 
accumulated to such an extent that only the salt grasses and saltbushes 
grow under natural conditions. There is usually not sufficient alkali to 
preventcultivation, and the lands areeasily reclaimed if properly treated. 
The soils may be of any texture, from sand to compact clay, but they 
are generally underlaid by more or less impervious material which inter- 
feres with the proper drainage. 

SAND HILLS. 

Localities: ,, 

lage. 

Kansas, fi samjiles 39 

South Carolina, 12 samples 62 

Total, 18 sami)les. 

Description. — The Sand Hills proper include both water deposits and 
wind deposits or sand dunes. Although usually of relatively small area, 
they form distinct physiographic features of long, narrow ridges more 
or less elevated above the surrounding country. The material in the 
collection has been sorted over by moving water, which has removed 
the finer i)ortions and deposited them elsewhere. After this mechanical 
separation the wind freiiucntly piles up the deposits in dunes, which are 
liable to shift around unless protected by a close mat of vegetation. 
Some of these dejiosits of sand show a remarkable power of maintain- 
ing capillary M'ater Avithin a few inches of tlie loose, dry surface. Some- 
times the Sand Hills are covered with a sparse growth of pines and 
scrub oaks; at other times they are covered with grasses, and there are 
times, again, when they are quite bare of vegetation. Often, in the val- 



FORMATIONS, SANDSTONE SEA -ISLAND-COTTON SOIL. 135 

leys between the ridges, the soil has sufficient moisture for vegetation. 
Such valley areas are adapted to vegetables and quick- growing spring 
crops, but as a rule the soils at present have little agricultural value 
for any of our staple crops. Along the coast they are often a serious 
menace to the adjacent lands, as they are liable to shift about and cover 
forests and arable lands, often encroaching rapidly upon fertile tracts. 
This has offered serious problems in many places to find sand-binding 
grasses or forest trees which will protect adjacent lands from the devas- 
tation caused by the shifting sands. At other places, particularly in 
inland situations, the boundaries are fixed and the areas are not sub- 
ject to change. 

SANDSTONE. 

Localitil: 

■^ Page. 

West Virginia, 3 samples 69 

Description. — The nature of this sandstone is not known, and the 
samples represent a small area of little agricultural importance. 

SEA-ISLAND-COTTON SOIL. 

Loealitii: 

^ Page. 

South Carolina, 23 samples 62 

Description. — The sea islands along the coast of South Carolina are 
made up of nearly uniform-sized grains of sand, containing upwards of 
80 per cent of fine sand, as shown by the mechanical analysis. These 
sands have been sifted out of the rivers and this grade of material is 
deposited just off the coast in sand bars, which have gradually been 
elevated or built up into islands, elevated about 6 feet, on the average, 
above the present sea level. The interior of the islands is usually 
poorly drained, and frequently underlaid with bog iron ore. These 
interior lands are not well adapted to cotton, but are well adapted to 
corn and forage plants and are used for this purpose; hence they are 
frequently known as "provision lands." The best cotton lands are 
around the edges of the islands, where the soils are dry and the drain- 
age is good. There are several grades of soils recognized by the plant- 
ers, which differ slightly in their physical texture. These are distin- 
guished as sandy lauds, gravelly lands, and loams. The differences are 
very slight and only appreciable to a careful observer who is thoroughly 
familiar with the soils. As standing water is found from 2 to C feet below 
the surface, a peculiar system of cultivation is practiced, in which salt 
mud and reeds are put in the bottom of the furrows, upon which a bed 
2 or 3 feet high is thrown up, as in the old Roman method of cultivation 
before underdrainage was practiced. This method keeps the roots of 
the cotton plants from going down into the moist soil and insures a dry 
bed, which hastens the maturity of the slow-growing variety of long- 
staple cotton peculiar to this locality. Within recent years tile drain- 
age has been introduced, but nearly the same methods of cultivation 



136 FORMATIONS, SEDENTARY SOIL SILT. 

are still practiced, as the planters dread any radical change iu methods 
which have beeu used for many years and upon which the success of 
the fine staple formerly depended. 

SEDENTARY SOIL. 

Locality: p^^,^. 

Kansas, I siimplcs 39 

Descriptio)). — This is a classitication adoi)ted by Prof. Eobert Hay 
in the geological survey of Kansas, and little is known about the char- 
acter of the soils. 

SERPENTINK. 

Locality: p..^^ 

Maryland, 10 samples 47 

Soutli Carolina, 1 samples (see Talc) 62 

Total, 1 1 samples. 

Description. — There are two distinct types of soil in the serpentine 
area. As a rule the soils wash badly, leaving but little covering over 
the finely disintegrated rock. For this reason the areas are usually 
quite barren. This condition is characteristic of several areas in Mary- 
land from which the samples have been derived. IJecent investiga- 
tions by the Division have shown, however, that there are comparatively 
small areas iu the northern part of Cecil County, Md., in which the dis- 
integration and decomi)osition have been more thorough, and the thor- 
oughly <lecomposed and disintegrated material has accumulated to a 
considerable depth, giving a highly colored red clay, very strong and 
quite productive. None of these samples of fertile serpentine soil are 
included in this catalogue. The samples of talc soil from South Caro- 
lina, belonging to this group, give a light, fine-grained loam adapted to 
bright tobacco, but having little value for the other staple crops. 

SHALES. 

Locality : p.,„p 

New York, 1 samples •">(» 

Description. — The samj)les from New York represent a large area 
upon which a particularly fine quality of rye is produced. The soils 
are filled with small fragments of iindecomposed shale. Little more is 
known of their agricultural value. 

SHOKT-LKAl' PINE ll'LAN'DS. 

Locality: Pjjge. 

Mississippi, 2 samples 51 

Description. — The soil of the short-leaf pine uplands is somewhat 
richer than the long-leaf pine hills, but otherwise the two are almost 
identical. 

SILT (EKOM lUltlCATIOX 1>ITCIIES). 

Localities: page. 

Arizona, 1 sample 25 

Kansas, 1 sample 39 

Texas, 2 samples - '"^ 

Total, t samples. 



FORMATIONS, SILURIAN, UPPER SPRUCE-PINE SCRUB. 137 

Description. — These samples of silt are from irrigatiou ditches, where 
they are valued for their fertilizing properties when deposited on the 
land. They are also valued for their cementing effect on the ditches 
themselves, in which they i^revent, to a very large extent, the loss by 
seepage of "water from the canals. 

SILURIAN, UPPER. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Kentucky, 2 samples 40 

Description. — The samples of Upper Silurian represent some of the 
fertile wheat, corn, and grass lands of Kentucky. 

SNOW DUST (see wind-ulown dust). 

Description. — These samples were sent in by the observers of the 
Weather Bureau, and a statement was published in the Monthly 
Weather Review of January, 1895, of which the following is a summary: 

On the nights of January 11 and 12, and along the advancing edge of a cold wave, 
there fell throughout a large part of Indiana and Kentucky a shower of dust in 
connection with snow. It does not appear that this dust was the nucleus of snow- 
flakes, but was intermingled in the air with the snow or fell with the wind that 
preceded the second snow fall. * ' 

The soil is made up largely of silt, mixed with organic matter. A number of 
fresh-water algje could be distinguished, though they had evidently been dead and 
dried for a longtime. Two of these, viz, Coleoch;ete and Desmid, indicate that the 
"dirt" was the bottom of some shallow lake, pond, or marsh that had dried up. 
These two alg;e usually grow in water that is comparatively fresh, and which sel- 
dom dries up completely. A fungus was found which occurs very commonlj^ on 
dead plant tissue. The cells of decayed grasses and sclerotic cells from the 
decayed fruits of grasses occur in the debris. Animal and plant hairs are common; 
also libers of grasses, shreds of woody tissue of shrub or tree. Masses of mixed 
and interlaced libers looking like paper are occasionally seen. Everything indicates 
that the "dirt'" came from the bottom of some dried-up lake, pond, marsh, or some 
riverbottom. It is light enough to be carried some distance by a strong wind. " *^ " 

All the samples show that the dust was lifted by some windstorm, spread out in 
an upper-air stratum, and precipitated. * ■ * 

Prof. H. L. Bruner, of Irvington, Ind., states that in geueral a layer of snow about 
one-fourth inch deep was colored distinctly brown by the dust. It fell on a bed of 
snow several inches deep and was thus protected from contamination by surface dust. 

The mechanical analysis of several of the samples showed the mate- 
rial to be similar in texture to the loess, as it was made up of 50 or 60 
per cent of silt. This is probably an instance of the characteristic 
formation of loess from aerial forces which are constantly going on in 
that locality, made apparent by the covering of snow which received 
the dei^osit. 

spruce-pine scrub. 
Locality : t,„„„ 

Florida, 6 samples 34 

Description. — This is a sandy soil from Florida upon which the char- 
acteristic growth is scrul), containing a considerable growth of spruce 



138 FORMATIONS, ST. LOUIS LIMESTONE — TALC. 

I)ine. There is no api)arent dififereiice iu tbe soil between this and the 
hammock and high pine hinds of tliis locality, but the botanical fea- 
tures are very characteristic and interesting. 

ST. LOUIS LIMESTONK. 

Localities : j,^„^ 

Alabama. 17 samples 23 

Keutucky, ■") samples 40 

TeuiK'ssee, 69 samples (54 

Total, 141 samples. 

Description. — This formation forms one of the important soil areas of 
Kentucky and Tennessee, giving rise to a strong clay adapted to grass, 
wheat, and corn. It is similar to the Trenton limestone soils. For 
general discussion of limestone soils, see under the appropriate head of 
limestone. 

SUBCAKBONIFEROUS. 

Kinds and localities : p^^^ 

Keokuk — 

Kentucky, 2 samples 39 

Tennessee, 2 samples 65 

St. Louis group — 

Kentucky, 55 samples 40 

Tennessee, 69 samples 65 

Unclassitied — 

Illinois, 4 samples 36 

Maryland, 15 samples 47 

Tennessee, 13 samples '. 65 

Wavcrly sandstone — 

Kentucky, 2 samples 40 

Total, 162 samples. 

Description. — This is a general geological subdivision, including 
several limestones and one sandstone area, which are described under 
their several names. 

SUGAR-CANE LAND. 

Localities: p^^^ 

Florida, 18 samples (see Muck land ) 32 

Louisiana, 157 samples 42 

Mexico, 6 samples (see Tobacco land) 50 

Total, 181 samples. 

Description. — These are rich alluvial deposits in the Southern States, 
containing a high percentage of organic matter and adapted particu- 
larly to sugar cane and rice. The soils are very deep and rich; many 
of them are still subject to overflow unless protected by dikes along 
the river banks. 

TALC. 

Locality: P„ge. 

South Carolina, 4sam)tles 62 

Description. — There is a large area of serpentine in South Carolina 
upon whicli a very i)ure talc is found, wliich has been mined to a con- 



FORMATIONS, TERTIARY TOBACCO LAND. 139 

siderable extent. The soils are light yellow aucl rather fine and pow- 
dery iu texture. They are' adapted to bright-yellow tobacco, but as a 
rule are thin and are not of very great agricultural importance. 

TERTIARY. 

Locality: p^^^ 

Nebraska, 44 samples (see Prairie) 53 

Description. — These samples merely represent this geological age and 
have not been subdivided. They may contain samples of very different 
texture, including gravels, sands, and clays. The individual samples 
are all described in the collection, but no general description can be 
given, 

TOBACCO LAND. 

Kinds and localities: 



Bright yellow (cigarette) — 

Louisiana, 2 samples 42 

North Carolina, 89 samples 56 

South Carolina, 2 samples H2 

Tennessee, 3 samples 65 

Virginia, 70 samples 67 

West Virginia, 2 samples 69 

Cigar — 

California, 2 samples 28 

Connecticut. 21 samples 30 

Cuba, 16 samples 31 

Florida, 101 samples .• 34 

Massachusetts, 22 samples 50 

Mexico, 6 samples 50 

Ohio, 21 samples 59 

New York, 20 samples 56 

Pennsylvania, 33 samples 60 

Sumatra, 12 samples 63 

Texas, 6 samples 65 

Wisconsin, 18 samples 69 

Export and manufacturing — 

Kentucky, 111 samples 40 

Maryland, 118 samples 47 

Tennessee, 89 samples 65 

Virginia, 32 samples 67 

Perique — 

Louisiana, 10 samples 42 

Sun-cured — 

Virginia, 14 samples 67 

White Burley — 

Kentucky, 57 samples 40 

Ohio, 11 samples 59 

Tennessee, 12 samples 65 

Total, 850 samples. 

Description. — This embraces all types of tobacco lands upon which 
the different commercial types and grades of tobacco are produced. A 
description of these soils is given in Bulletin No. 11 of this Division, 
to which reference is made of more detailed description than can be 



1 40 FORMATION TR ANSITION-GK AYWACKE. 

oiven here. The bright yellow cigarette tobaccos are grown upon a 
light sandy soil in Virginia, North and South Carolina, East Tennessee? 
and to a small extent in West Virginia and some of the more southern 
States. The character of the soil is quite uniform. Of the cigar 
tobaccos, the fillers are grown in the heavy clay soils of Pennsylvania 
and Ohio; the binders — that is, the second grade of wrappers — are pro- 
duced in Connecticut, New York, and Wisconsin, while the finest types 
of wrappers, supplying the present market demands, are produced on 
the light sandy soils of the Connecticut A^ alley as well as in New York 
and Wisconsin. The southern localities, Florida and Texas, have light 
sandy soils, preferably with clay subsoil, upon which the finest types 
of Sumatra wrai)por and Cuban filler are produced. The export and 
manufacturing types of tobacco are produced on the heavy clay soils 
of Virginia and North Carolina and on the silt soils of Tennessee and 
Kentucky, with smaller areas in the adjoining States. The I'erique 
tobacco is produced mainly in two or three of the southern parishes of 
Louisiana on a rather light alluvial soil. The peculiarity of this 
tobacco depends mainly upon the peculiar method of curing used by 
the Acadians of that locality. Little is known of the characteristic 
soil ui)on which tlie sun-cured tobacco of Virginia is produced. The 
White Burley tobacco is confined almost exclusively at present to the 
Trenton limestone strong red clay soils of central Kentucky and south- 
ern Ohio. 

TRANSITION-GHAYWACKE. 

Locality: Page. 

Rhode Islaud, 2 samples 60 

Description. — The graywackes from Wisconsin are thus described by 
W. S. Bay ley,' and the description applies ecjually well to the soils 
from Rhode Island : 

The graywackes differ from the saivdstoues in coinpoHitioii. Whereas the hitter 
consist essentially of qnartz grains (or of quartz and feldspar) cemented by qnartz- 
itic, calcareous, or other cement, simple in composition, the graywackes contain 
grains of many different minerals and small fragments of rocks, united by a cement 
of the composition from many slates. In the formation of the sandstones the rocks 
from which the sands were derived were broken down into their constituent min- 
eral components, and these were sorted by the waters in whicli they were deposited. 
On the other hand, the rocks from Avhose detritus the graywackes were made were 
not so completely disintegrated. The sands contained not only quartz and other 
mineral grains, but also little particles of roek, all so intermiugled that we cannot 
believe that much sorting took place. When rock particles are not to be found in 
the graywackes, the distinction between these rocks and the sandstones must rest 
upon the cementing nuiterial, which in the former is dark in color and contains 
much chlorite and some mica. 

Little is known of the character of the soils resulting irom the disin- 
tegration and decomposition of the graywackes. 



' Bui. 150, U. S. Cieologieal Survey, ISVIS, page 84. 



FORMATIONS, TRAP TRIASSIC RED SANDSTONE. 141 

TRAP. 

LoeaUtv: 

Page. 
South Carolina, 5 sam])le.s (52 

JDescHption. — The trap soils of South Caroliua cover a rather small 
area aud are not of much agricultural importance. The soils as a 
rule are clay loam, often containing rounded fragments of gravel highly 
colored with iron. Larger bowlders, known as "nigger heads," are 
usually seen over the surface. The subsoil is frequently a pipe clay, 
providing very poor drainage. The lauds are liable to be wet aud 
sticky for a long time after rains, aud water is frequently found at a 
short depth below the surface and oozes out in springs, which give the 
soil almost the character of an upland marsh. With imderdrainage 
and thorough cultivation the lands may be made fairly productive. 
Several of these samples could be classed as pipe clay. 

TKKNTON AND HUDSON RIVER LIIMESTONK. 

Localities: 

Page. 
Alabama, 2 samples 23 

Kentucky, 57 samjiles 40 

Maryland, 93 samples 4g 

Ohio, li samples 59 

Pennsylvania, 24 samples gQ 

Tennessee, 10 samples g4 

Virginia, .53 sampks gg 

Total, 250 samples. 

Description.— T\iQ soils from these two formations, which can hardly 
be distinguished geologically, are quite similar iu their agricultural 
value. They are the most important types of limestone, giving the 
highest type of agricultural land iu the northern areas; but, being filled 
with chert in the Southern States, these soils are very infertile. These 
lands have been described in detail under the head of limestone. 

TRIASSIC RED SANDSTONE. 

Localities: 

Page. 
Connecticut, 7 samples 30 

Maryland, 15 samples 47 

Total, 22 samples. 

Bescription.— The Triassic red sandstone disintegrates and decom- 
poses very thoroughly, forming a heavy clay soil of a characteristic 
Indian-red color. In the southern extension of the area iu Virginia 
the soils are quite stony from fragments of the rock. These southern 
lands have not been very productive. In the areas in Maryland, Penn- 
sylvania, and New Jersey, however, the soils have less rock and form 
very fertile agricultural lands. In Maryland they are adjacent to the 
Trenton limestone soils, and in favorable seasons they are considered 
just as valuable for wheat, corn, aud grass. They are not quite so safe 
or certain, and crops suffer from extremes of drought or wet weather 
more than on the limestone. The northern extensiou of the area in 
New Jersey is extremely fertile and productive. 



142 FORMATIONS, TRUCK LAND UNCLASSIFED. 

TRliK LAND (MAINLY COLUMBIA). 

LoealHicft: Page 

Alalmnia, 10 8:uui>k's 24 

Florida. 112 samples ^^ 

Illinois, 1 samples '^^ 

Maryland. 175 samples- 48 

Massacluisetts, 4 samples 50 

New Jersey. 76 samples 5-^ 

New York, 21 saiu])le8 56 

North Carolina, 41 sanijiles 57 

Rhode Island. I samples 60 

South Carolina, I'.S samples (Sea Islands) 62 

Virginia. 'r\ samples 67 

Total, 524 samples. 

Descripiion. — The tnu^k lands of the Atlantic Coast States, from 
which most of the samples in the collection have been obtained, occur 
as a narrow belt bordering the coast, bays, and rivers. This is mainly 
Columbia, and the sand is uniform in texture. The deposit varies 
from 12 inches to many feet in thickness. It is desirable to have a 
loam or clay subsoil at a depth of from IS to 24 inches, as the soils are 
stronger, more durable, and rather more productive. These soils are 
valued chieliy because the spring vegetables mature so early that there 
is no local competition from the heavier soils of the locality. This sub- 
ject has been discussed in great detail in various bulletins of this Divi- 
sion and in i)ublications of the jNIaryland Experiment Station, 

TUI.AKK I'l.AINS. 

Locality: p^^^. 

California, 17 samples 28 

Description. — This groui) contains a number of samples of the char- 
acteristic soils around Tulare, Cal., many of them being alkali soils 
collected during the investigation of this subject. Some of the inter- 
esting features of the.se soils were jminted out in a ])aper, entitled " Some 
Interesting Soil Problems,"' i)ublished in Yearbook, United States 
Department of Agriculture, 1897. 



UNCLASSI1"1EI>. 

Localities: -p^^^ 

Alaliama, 7 samples 24 

Alaska, II samples 24 

Hermuda. 12 samples 25 

California, 29 samples 28 

('(dorado, !^ samples 30 

Connecticut, it samples 30 

District of ( 'olumbia, 1 sample 32 

Florida, -1 samples 34 

( ieorgia, 1 sam]>le 34 

Idaho, 1 sample 35 

Illinois, 3 samjdes 36 

Iowa. 3 samyiles 37 

Louisiana, 17 samples 42 



FORMATIONS, UPPER COAL MEASURES — VALLEY LAND. 143 
Localities — Continued. 

Page. 

Maryland, 26 samples 49 

Massachusetts, 18 samples 50 

Mississippi, 10 samples , 51 

Nevada, 7 samples 54 

New York, 38 samples 56 

Noith C'aroliua, 81 samples 57 

Ohio, 3 samples 59 

Oklahoma, 15 samples 59 

Pennsylvania, 8 samples 60 

Rhode Island, 2 samples 60 

South Carolina, 2 samples 62 

Tennessee, 2 samples 65 

Texas, 6 samples 66 

Virginia, 13 samples 68 

Washington, 8 samples 68 

West Virginia, 4 samples 69 

Total, 377 samples. 

Description. — This group contains samples from nearly all the States 
which, by reason of the small areas represented or the exceptional or 
peculiar characteristics of the samples, or because of an uncertainty as 
to their geological origin and an absence of any local designation, have 
not been grouped under any special class. Much of this material is 
valuable for the study of the chemical and physical properties of soils, 
and 'the individual samples are all fully described. 

UPPER COAL MEASURES. 

Locality: 

Maryland, 7 samples 49 

Description. — The basis for this classification is purely geological, and 
the group may contain soils of different physical characteristics, includ- 
iug gravels, sands, and clays. 

UPPER PINE BELT. 

Locality: 

South Carolina, 2 samples 62 

Description. — The upper pine belt in South Carolina, from which these 
samples were derived, is a rather broad strip crossing the State, and 
given up mainly to pine forests. The soils are generally thin and rather 
poor. They are better drained than the lower pine belt, but the coun- 
try is sparsely settled and very little of the laud is actually under 
cultivation. 

VALLEY LAND. 

Locality: 

^ Page. 

Utah, 2 samples 66 

Description. — These samples from Utah are from Utah County, and 
represent the lands in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. 



144 FORMATIONS, VINEYARD SOIL — WHEAT LAND. 

VINEYAHD SOIL. 

Localit}/: Page. 

Germany, 7 samples 35 

Description. — The samples under this group are from an important 
grape district in Geiseubeim, Germany. This is described in a previ- 
ous section under Germany. 

VOLCANIC ASH. 

Localities: Page 

Hawaiian Islands, 12 samples 35 

Kansas, 3 samples 39 

Nebraska , 1 sample 54 

Washington, (i samples 68 

Total, 22 samples. 

Description. — Volcanic dust is thus described by J. P. Iddings: ' 

This fine dust forms a deposit about 20 feet thick within Neocene lake beds of the 
Gallatin Valley, Montana, where it has been studied by A. C. Peal. The major part 
of these lake beds consists of volcanic dust presumably brought into the lake basins 
by waters from the neighboring slopes, where it has been deposited by the wind. 
The purer material occurring in these beds is considered to have been deposited 
directly from the air. It occurs in beds 2 to 5 feet thick, separated by thin calcare- 
ous layers, the thickness of the whole being 20 feet. When examined with a micro- 
scope it is seen to be made up of minute fragments of colorless glass, whose angular 
shapes in some instances and thread-like form in others, together with the presence 
of air pores, which are spherical, elliptical, and tubular, indicate plainly that the 
fi-agments are broken pumice. * * * A very small percentage of the fragments 
are pieces of crystals, and these appear to be feldspar, hornblende, pyroxene, and 
possibly some ([uavtz. This suiall percentage of crystals, as compared with glass, 
may bo due to the original paucity of crystals in the magma exploded in the dust, 
or it may be the result of a partial separation of the material during its transportation 
througli the air, by which means the denser and more compact particles settled 
nearer the vent from which the eruption took place than the lighter and more 
attenuated ones. Hence, it can not be assumed that the material found in this 
deposit necessarily repn-sents the composition of the lava before explosion. The 
glass itself is absolutely free from microlites, and is perfectly colorless in the thin 
bits forming the dust. 

These soils are usually rich in potash. They apparently disintegrate 
rapidly upon exposure to air, to a light-colored, light textured loam, 
which is quite productive. 

WAVERLY SANDSTONE. 

Locality: Page. 

Kentucky, 2 samples -tO 

Description. — This is one of the export tobacco lands of Kentucky, 
adapted to tobacco, corn, wheat, and grass. 

WHEAT LAND. 

Localities: Page 

Alabama, 37 samples -. - 24 

Argentina, 25 samples 25 

California, 8 samples 29 

Idaho, 2 samples (see Basalt) ■- 35 

1 Bulletin No. 150, Educational Series of Kock Specimens Collected and Distributed 
by the U. S. Geological Survey, page 146. 



FORMATIONS, WHITE-OAK LAND WIRE-GRASS SOIL. 145 

Localities — Coutinued. 

Page. 

Illinois, 63 samples 36 

Iowa, 2 samples 37 

Kentucky, 160 samples 40 

Maryland,. 580 samples 49 

Minnesota, 23 samples 51 

North Dakota, 53 samples 58 

Ohio, 49 samples 59 

Pennsylvania, 26 samples 60 

Russia, 7 samples (see Chernozem) 61 

South Carolina, 11 samples 62 

South Dakota, 11 samples (see Prairie) 63 

Tennessee, 93 samples 65 

Texas, 2 samples {see Permian) 65 

Virginia, 99 samples 68 

Washington, 29 samples {see Basalt) 68 

Wisconsin, 18 samples {see Tobacco land) 69 

Total, 1,298 samples. 

Description. — This group contains all samples upon which wheat is a 
staple and characteristic crop. It contains samples from a great many 
geological formations. It is the basis of an extensive collection of wheat 
soils which it is proposed to study. 

WHITE-OAK LAND. 

LocaJity: 

•' Page. 

Maryland, 8 samples {see Wheat laud) 49 

Description. — This is a small and relatively unimportant group, 
occasionally met with, and locally known as white-oak land from the 
character of the native forest growth. As seen on the Eastern Shore 
of Maryland, it occurs in small areas. There appears to be no difference 
in the texture between this and surrounding lands, but the subsoil has 
a different structure and is nearly impervious to water. It could almost 
be classed as pipeclay, although it has not a large percentage of true 
clay, as shown by the mechanical analysis. The soil is generally unpro- 
ductive, but may be reclaimed by underdrainage and proper methods 
of cultivation. It is believed that this condition can be imparted to cer- 
tain soils through abuse and improper methods of cultivation. The soil 
is usually made up largely of silt, and has the texture of loess. 

WIND-HLOWX DrST (sec SNOW DUST). 

Localities: 

Page. 

Indiana, 2 samples 37 

Nebraska, 3 samples 54 

Total, 5 samples. 

WIRE-GRASS SOIL. 

Localitxi: 

"^ Page. 

California, 1 sample (see Tulare plains) 28 

Description. — These soils occur in small areas in the Western plains 
and in California, and are characterized by the native growth of wire- 
grass. Little is known about the character which causes this j)eculiar 
growth. 

O 
8670— No. 10 10 



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